Liquisolid compact is the most promising technique for increasing dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.Clopidogrel bisulfate is an oral antiplatelets used for treatment and prophylaxis of cardiovacular and peripheral vascular diseases related to platelets aggreagation.Clopidogrel has low solubility at high pH media of intestine and low bioavailability of a bout 50% after oral doses.The purpose of this work was to enhance dissolution pattern of clopidogrel through its formulation into liquisolid tablets.A mathematical model was used to calculate the optimum quantities of tween 80 , carrier (Avicel PH 102) and coating material (Aerosil 200) needed to prepare acceptably flowing and compactible powder mixtures.The liq

Two compounds,[2-amino-4-(4-nitro phenyl) 1,3-thiazole],(4) and [2-amino-4-(4-bromo phenyl) 1,3-thiazole],(5), were synthesized by refluxing thiourea (1) with each of  para-ntiro and para-bomophanacyl bromides(2) and (3) respectively, in absolute methanol. Then, by reaction of [5] with 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride in dimethylformamide (DMF) yielded  (6) .On the other hand, reaction of (4) with chloroacetyl chloride in dry benzene afforded (7), which is  upon treatment with thiourea in absolute methanol, af

This study was designed to compare the effect of two types of viral hepatitis A and E (HAV
and HEV) on liver functions in Iraqi individuals by the measurement of biochemical changes
associated with hepatitis.
The study performed on 58 HEV and 66 HAV infected patients compared with 28 healthy
subjects. The measured biochemical tests include total serum bilirubin, serum transminases (ALT
and AST) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT).
The study showed that adolescent and young adults (17-29) years, were mostly affected by
HEV while children (5-12) years were frequently affected by HAV. The severity of liver damage in
HEV patients was higher than HAV patients as a result of high serum transa

The acute phase response is a major pathophysiologic phenomenon that accompanies inflammation whether acute or chronic. Complement (C3 and C4) and C - reactive protein (CRP) are positive acute phase proteins (+ ve APPs ). Their production takes place in hepatocyte and the blood concentration of these parameters are increased in osteoarthritis (OA). Chloroquine (CQ) is a diprotic weak base traditionally used to treat malaria. Recently the phosphate salt of CQ is used to decrease this type of (+ve APPs) . In this study,  patients who suffered from knee osteoarthritis (KOA) are treated with oral dosage form of chloroquine phosphate (CQP) for one month, twice daily. Our results demonstrate that CQP improves the patient status by decreas

Silymarin (SM) is a plant extract obtained from Silybum marianum( milk thistle) . It is class II type drug according to  Biopharmaceutics Classification System with low bioavailability due to its low solubility.

Micro/nanonization during crystallization, surface modification and crystal structure modification may improve the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs.

The aim of this study was to increase the water solubility and dissolution rate of SM by in-situ micronization using solvent change either by stirring or ultrasonic method. Stabilizers like Gelatin, PVP-K30, HPMC15, Pulullan were used to stabilize the prepared ultrafine crystals. Effect of type and concentration of hydrophilic polymer, solv

         Doxorubicin is a chemotherapeutic agent belonging to the anthracyclines that are used for the treatment of a wide variety of malignancies, however, it is correlated with serious cardiotoxicity, Hidrosmin is a synthetic flavonoid derived from hesperidin, diosmin which has pleiotropic effects including anti-ischemic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Vitamin C is a water-soluble may reduce the risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and stroke. Forty-five mature male rats their prime weight from 250-280 gm were divided into five groups; Group 1:  control group, where rats were injected intraperitoneally with (1ml/kg) of normal saline ever

There are many causes of osteoporosis, and one of them is deficiency in vitamin D resulting from vitamin D receptor polymorphism. This polymorphism makes the bones and tissues that contain vitamin D receptors resistant to vitamin D and not getting enough concentrations. The aim of this study is to find the correlation between vitamin D receptor Taq1 (rs731236) gene polymorphism and bone turnover markers (procollagen-I and deoxypyridinoline) in postmenopausal osteoporotic women after taking a certain dose of vitamin D. Forty postmenopausal women were included who were diagnosed with osteoporosis according to WHO guidelines by taking bone mineral density measurements by DXA-scan. The participating patients received a vitamin D dos

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder specified by persistent hyperglycemia that occurs when β-cell insulin production became unable to control blood glucose with deterioration of response for insulin. The consequent development of DM complications with increased risk for many diseases caused by damaged variety of biological systems, including blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, heart, and nerves. Carnosine is a natural dipeptide (β-alanyl-L-histidine) expressed in both the central nervous system and periphery, it occurs in several tissues most notably in muscle where they represent an appreciable fraction of the total water-soluble nitrogen-containing compounds. Carnosine is synthesized by a cytosolic amino acid ligase, carnosine s

Psoriasis is a long-lasting autoimmune disease that is characterized by swollen skin patches. Normally, these skin patches are dark, swollen, itchy and scaly. The single application of the innate TLR7/8 ligand Imiquimod (IMQ) in mice easily induces a dermatitis that closely resembles human psoriasis, critically dependent on the axis of IL-23/IL-17. Artemisia dracunculus prepared as an ointment and has been used topically to mice before imiquimod application. The results of the current study showed that A. dracunculus ointment can significantly reduce psoriasis area and severity index in (A. dracunculus ointment + imiquimod group as compared with both control group and (vehicle ointment + imiquimod) group.

From a large number of bacterial samples collected from different hospital in Iraq in central  health laboratory ,only ten isolates were identified primary as Vibrio. A number of  morphology and biochemical test were carried out to complete this identification that showed all bacterial isolates were related to Vibrio cholerae .In this study  all Vibrio isolates were investigated for Bio typing and the result showed that all (10) isolate were related to (Eltor biotypes) .Also, the susceptibility test towards eight antibiotics were carried  out .

Results shows that  ciprofloxacin , Norfloxacin, Erythromycin, Ampicillin,  ceftriaxone  and Amikacin were the most effective

The aim of the present investigation was to develop a microsponge delivery system of acyclovir to control its release when applied topically thereby reducing dosing frequency and enhancement patient compliance. The microsponges were produced by the oil in oil emulsion solvent diffusion method. The effect of different formulation and process variables such as internal phase volume, polymer type, drug-polymer ratio, stirring speed and stirring duration on microsponge production yield, loading efficiency, particle size and in-vitro drug release was evaluated. The result showed that the microsponge F2 prepared from Eudrajet RS polymer had optimum physical properties regarding the loading efficiency of 99.71_+ 0.7% and product

Abstract

urgent surgical intervention and appendectomy until now represent standard treatment for uncomplicated cases of appendicitis. Nausea, vomiting and pain after surgery are the most frequent issues facing patients and affecting patient quality of life and responsible for many cases of readmission after surgery. Ketorolac and diclofenac represent the most commonly prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory used in postoperative setting and they cause many side effects as gastrointestinal, kidney and cardiac adverse effect in addition to increased risk of bleeding. Paracetamol is currently among the most frequently prescribed medication worldwide and it can be used safely for all age groups. This study aimed

Etoricoxib (EXB) is a highly selective cox-2 inhibitor which belongs to the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). EXB is a class II drug according to the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS), which possess a very low aqueous solubility in water.  In the present study, many trials were made to improve the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of EXB by solid dispersion technique.

Eighteenth EXB formulas were formulated as a solid dispersion using a variety of hydrophilic polymers (as carriers)   including poloxamer 407 (PXM 407), poloxamer 188 (PXM 188) and polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) at different drug: polymer ratios (1:1, 1:3 and 1:5). These formulas were prepared by two methods; solvent

The systemic and resistant nature of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers (mCRPC) renders it largely incurable even after intensive multimodal therapy. Proliferation, survival, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are three fundamental events that are deeply linked to carcinogenesis.  Hence, it is necessary to find a new combination of several therapies, targeting those vital mechanisms without causing side effects. Significant research works have shown differential low expression of the metabolic Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in primary and metastatic prostate cancer suggesting their importance in prostate pathogenesis. Obticholic acid (INT 747), a potent FXR agonist is widely used in primary biliary chola

Topical corticosteroids (TCS) are the most widely prescribed and abused topical medications worldwide. TCs have melanogenic, anti-pruritic, atrophogenic,  immunosuppressive effects on the epidermis and sex-hormone-like, in addition to anti-inflammatory activity. Several of these, if used without judgment, may have serious local and systemic negative repercussions. The current study was designed to evaluate the possible local and systemic effects of topical corticosteroid misuse among women in Basrah City and Amara city, Iraq. Totally 125 participants were categorized into three major groups: control individuals, patients who utilize TCs for 1–3 months, and patients with long-term TC use for more than 3 months. A questionnaire was

Curcumin (CUR) possesses various pharmacological properties, including antibacterial and improving injury healing. This work aimed to formulate curcumin organogel using 12 hydroxy stearic acid as gelator with tween 80 as surfactant and PEG 400 as co surfactant to improve the CUR permeation through the skin. The CUR organogels were prepared using different 12HSA concentrations with solvents sesame oil (SO), and orange oil (OO), in addition to T80 and P400 and evaluated for their saturated solubility, tabletop rheology, oil binding capacity, pH, spreadability, in vitro release, antibacterial activity, oscillatory rheology study, skin irritation, histological examination and ex- with in- vivo permeation study acro

Pharmacological management of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is complex and may negatively impact patients' adherence to therapy. Several objective and subjective approaches are used to assess therapeutic adherence. Measurement of biological markers, that are well correlated with the effect of the medications, and that are distributed into easily accessible body fluids would be feasible approach for measuring therapeutic adherence for these medications. S100B protein has been proposed to be involved in the pathophysiology of PD. The study aims to measure the serum S100B level in PD patients and to assess its potentials to be used as a biomarker to predict therapeutic adherence in PD patients. Sixty-eight adult outpatients, of both genders, w

     Meningiomas are the most common primary intracellular slow growing benign tumor that are mostly arisen from meningeothelial (arachnoid) cells which surround the brain and the spinal cord. The aim of the present study is to innovate a biochemical relationship between collagen I and meningiomas in Iraqi patients and also to examine the biochemical role of magnesium and phosphorus regarding this complex nervous disease. Thirty (30) diagnosed meningioma patients were participated in the present study and were classified into two (2) groups : G₃ composed of (15) newly diagnosed meningioma males and G4 composed of (15) newly diagnosed meningioma females , both G₃ and G₄ subjects did not

Interleukins (IL-2 and IL-4) are increased in asthmatics and were reported to induce resistance to steroid therapy in some patients who fail to get benefit from glucocorticoids when used in full dose and for long period of time. In this context, the present study was conducted on Iraqi patients to provide additional laboratory mean, beside the clinical diagnosis, for the decision whether the asthma is steroid sensitive or resistant by monitoring the level of immunoglobulins, complement proteins and interleukins among asthmatic patients (steroid sensitive or resistant) and the possible contribution of other factors like age, sex and environments in the development of steroid resistance. A total number of 55 asthmatics and 28 normal subjec

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system disease that causes demyelination and persistent inflammation and most of them among young adults.

The current study aimed to assess gene polymorphism of PDCD1 and PDLCD1 genes and the frequency of two SNPs (rs2227981 and rs2282055).

MS patients (n=100) were divided into two groups; newly diagnosed (42), and patients with ongoing treatments (58). These groups were compared to healthy subjects (n=55); the mean age ±SD was (30±8.46 years), (37±8.06years), and (31±8.73 years) for MS newly patients, patients with ongoing tre

Nystatin is the drug of choice for treatment of cutaneous fungal infections with main disadvantage that is the need for multiple applications to achieve complete eradication which may reduce patient compliance. Microparticles offer a solution for such issue as they are one of sustained release preparations that achieve slow release of drug over an extended period of time. The objectives of this study were to fabricate nystatin-loaded chitosan microparticles with the ultimate goal of prolonging drug release and to analyze the influence of polymer concentration on various properties of microparticles. Microparticles were prepared by chemical cross-linking method using glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent. Five formulas, namely N1C1, N1C2,

Chronic inflammation can induce proliferative events and posttranslational DNA modifications in prostate tissue through oxidative stress. The present study was designed to evaluate the changes in serum levels of TNF-α, malomdialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant status (TAS) patients with different stages of malignant prostatic cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). One hundred males (age range of 58-72 years) with different stages of malignant PCa were recruited from the Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Teaching Hospital in Baghdad during the period from September 2010 to April 2011. The patients were categorized according to the 4 disease stages (I, II, III, and IV); 25 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Based on naproxen, in this study, a new series of 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-thiol derivatives was prepared through the esterification of the carbonyl group (of naproxen) using thionyl chloride as an auxiliary agent with methanol, and then naproxen hydrazide was made, to be obtained using (CS2) and a basic media convert it to the potassium salt of dithiocarbazate.   It was oxidized with concentrated sulfuric acid to a compound containing the thiol thiadiazole ring, and finally, through an alkylation reaction, the final compounds were produced (Gh1, Gh2, Gh3, Gh4). These compounds were characterized using infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Then, the anti-inflammatory effectiveness was evaluated in vivo by inducing acut

Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant agent which acts on the central nervous system and used for the treatment of epilepsy. Carbamazepine was formulated as an oral extended release tablets using ethyl cellulose as retardant substance. Different types of tablets additives such as cellulose materials (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose  and microcrystalline cellulose ), lactose, calcium phosphate and solubilizing agents ( sodium lauryl sulphate and polyethylene glycol 6000) were utilized to study their effect on the release profile of drug from ethyl cellulose matrices. It was found that sodium carboxymethyl cellulose increased the carbamazepine release and the same effect was obtained when the same amount of microcrystalline cellulose used

Myelosuppression is one of the serious adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy that lead to life threatening febrile neutropenia and considered a limiting factor for successful therapy. Cyclophosphamide a widely used anticancer drugs, induces severe bone marrow suppression by damaging hematopoietic stem cells. As cancer incidence expands globally, the demand for an effective myeloprotective therapy during cancer treatment is also increasing.Nigella sativa seed oil, a well-known plant extract that widely used for various health conditions. This study aims to evaluate the myeloprotective activity of Nigella sativa seed oil in cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression mice model. Myelosuppression induced by single intraperitoneal injection o

According to definition, polymeric nanoparticles (NP) exist as tiny, solid, colloidal particles ranging from 1-1000 nm in size, manufactured from biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, lipids, or metals. Polymeric nanoparticles have attracted substantial attention in various fields, including imaging, and diagnostics, and considered as interesting choices for drug delivery and targeting. The synthesis and stabilization of nanoparticles are crucial for their successful application.  Ionic Liquids-Based Surfactants (ILBS) have emerged as promising solvents and stabilizers owing to their distinct features, like minimal volatility, high thermal stability, and customizable physicochemical properties. It is distinguished from commercia

 

Objectives. Muslims in the United States exhibit high rates of tobacco use, which make them highly vulnerable to lung cancer. Lung cancer could be avoided by regularly undergoing preventive lung screening. This study investigated the associations between Social Cognitive Theory factors and being interested in preventive lung screening in a sample of adult US Muslims.

Methods. We examined a convenience sample of adult US Muslims. A cross-sectional online survey was used to collect data. Binomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the factors related to interest in preventive lung screening.

Key Findings. Two hundred seventy-one eligible parti

COVID-19 disease is an acute viral infection illness of the airway system resulting from the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Cranberry is an evergreen group of dwarf shrubs of the Vaccinium Oxycoccus. The most important pharmacological effects of cranberry are related to its composition liking of quercetin, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins. cranberry had numerous pharmacological activities encompassing antioxidant, cardioprotective, antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, and regulated glucose levels. This research aimed to estimate the potential activity of cranberry to enhance the efficacy of standard therapy for COVID-19 infection. A total of 30 patients with age ≥ 18 years suffering from mild to moderate COVID-19 pneumonia volunteered to do this s

Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that is characterized by chronic inflammation of any part of the gastrointestinal tract, has a progressive and destructive course and is increasing in incidence worldwide. Medical treatment of Crohn’s disease is usually divided into remission induction therapy and remission maintenance therapy. Medication-related burden is a new concept focused on the negative experiences resulting from taking medicines. The aims of the current study were to measure medication-related burden among a sample of Iraqi patients with Crohn’s disease, and to determine any associations between medication-related burden and some patient factors. The present study was cross-sectional conducted at ‟Gastroent