Impressed current cathodic protection controlled by computer gives the ideal solution to the changes in environmental factors and long term coating degradation. The protection potential distribution achieved and the current demand on the anode can be regulated to protection criteria, to achieve the effective protection for the system.

In this paper, cathodic protection problem of above ground steel storage tank was investigated by an impressed current of cathodic protection with controlled potential of electrical system to manage the variation in soil resistivity. Corrosion controller has been implemented for above ground tank in LabView where tank's bottom potential to soil was manipulated to the desired set poi

An experimental investigation has been carried out for zinc-nickel (Zn-Ni) electro-deposition using the constant applied current technique. Weight difference approach method was used to determine the cathode current efficiency and deposit thickness. Also, the influence effect of current density on the deposition process, solderability, and porosity of the plating layer in microelectronic applications were examined. The bath temperature effect on nickel composition and the form of the contract was studied using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Moreover, elemental nature of the deposition was analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX).     

It has been found that the best bath temperature

Biodiesel production process was attracted more attention recently due to the surplus quantity of glycerol (G) as a byproduct from the process. Glycerol Utilization must take in to consideration to fix this issue also, to ensure biodiesel industry sustainability. Highly amount of Glycerol converted to more benefit material Glycerol carbonate (GC) was one of the most allurement compound derived from glycerol by transesterification of glycerol with dimethyl carbonate (DMC). Various parameters have highly impact on transesterification was investigated like catalyst loading (1-5) %wt., molar ratio of DMC: glycerol (5:1 – 1:1), reaction time (30 - 150) min and temperature (40 – 80) ᴼC. The Optimum glycerol carbonate yie

The aerodynamic characteristics of general three-dimensional rectangular wings are considered using non-linear interaction between two-dimensional viscous-inviscid panel method and vortex ring method. The potential flow of a two-dimensional airfoil by the pioneering Hess & Smith method was used with viscous laminar, transition and turbulent boundary layer to solve flow about complex configuration of airfoils including stalling effect. Viterna method was used to extend the aerodynamic characteristics of the specified airfoil to high angles of attacks. A modified vortex ring method was used to find the circulation values along span wise direction of the wing and then interacted with sectional circulation obtained by Kutta-Joukowsky the

The estimation of recharge to ground water is the important basics to improve the use of ground water with other available resources, and to save ground water resource from depletion, especially when using large quantity of ground water during a long time such as for agricultural purposes. Al-Wand River Basin in Iraq suffers from water shortage of its requirement of Blajo–Al-Wand Project, and to cover this shortage, the ground water plays a good role to overcome this problem. In this study, three methods were used to estimate the recharge and ground water storage for Al-Wand Basin, these methods are: Water Table Fluctuation (WTF), Water Balance of Climatic for Basin, and Water Table Balance for Basin. The results showe

Atmospheric residue fluid catalytic cracking was selected as a probe reaction to test the catalytic performance of modified NaY zeolites and prepared NaY zeolites. Modified NaY zeolites have been synthesized by simple ion exchange methods. Three samples of modified zeolite Y have been obtained by replacing the sodium ions in the original sample with lanthanum and the weight percent added are 0.28, 0.53, and 1.02 respectively. The effects of addition of lanthanum to zeolite Y in different weight percent on the cracking catalysts were investigated using an experimental laboratory plant scale of fluidized bed reactor.

The experiments have been performed with weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) range of 6 to 24 h

Heat transfer rates of a single horizontal finned tube immersed in water –filled enclosure tilted at
30 degrees are measured .The results serve as a baseline case for a solar water heating system with a heat exchanger immersed in integral collector storage. Tests were made with both adiabatic and uniform heat flux boundary conditions. Natural convection flow in enclosure is interpreted from measured water temperature distributions. Formation of an appropriate temperature difference that drives natural convection is determined .Correlations for the overall heat transfer coefficient in terms of the Nusselt and Rayleigh numbers are reduced to the form Nu=0.716 Ra ^0.247 Based on the diameter of the immersed tube .Comparis

The applications of mobile robots in rescue scenarios, surviving to search, and exploration for outdoor navigation have received increasing attention due to their promising prospects. In this paper, a simulation of a differential wheeled mobile robot was presented, implementing a Global Positioning System (GPS) data points to specified starting points, final destination, and total error.

In this work, a simple kinematic controller for polar coordinate trajectory tracking is developed. The tracking between two points, pose to pose, was specified by using the GPS data points. After that, the geodesy (GEO) formulation was used to convert the geodesy coordinate to Euclidean or polar coordinate. The Haversine equation

This research is devoted to investigating the thermal buckling analysis behaviour of laminated composite plates subjected to uniform and non-uniform temperature fields by applying an analytical model based on a refined plate theory (RPT) with five unknown independent variables. The theory accounts for the parabolic distribution of the transverse shear strains through the plate thickness and satisfies the zero-traction boundary condition on the surface without using shear correction factors; hence a shear correction factor is not required. The governing differential equations and associated boundary conditions are derived by using the virtual work principle and solved via Navier-type analytical procedure to obtain critica

Casting defects are ones of the important problems occurring in the casting process .The large number of the defects make the diagnosis of them difficult and depend on the inspector experience and his information of the defects property. This diagnostic perhaps being wrong and not accurate. Therefore in this research an inclusive program through information system was designed to diagnose the defects and its causes then put the suggested remedy, this program contains four methods to recognize the defects in castings .The methods are 1.Use selection of the listed property of the defects 2.Benefit from the pictures of defects to diagnose the defect. 3. The questions and answers method .4.Combo box that contains all the defects name .The la

Face Identification is an important research topic in the field of computer vision and pattern recognition and has become a very active research area in recent decades. Recently multiwavelet-based neural networks (multiwavenets) have been used for function approximation and recognition, but to our best knowledge it has not been used for face Identification. This paper presents a novel approach for the Identification of human faces using Back-Propagation Adaptive Multiwavenet. The proposed multiwavenet has a structure similar to a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network with three layers, but the activation function of hidden layer is replaced with multiscaling functions. In experiments performed on the ORL face database it achieved a

The present study examines the extraction of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) from   a contaminated soil by washing process. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na₂EDTA) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution were used as extractants.  Soil washing is one of the most suitable in-situ/ ex-situ remediation method in removing heavy metals. Soil was artificially contaminated with 500 mg/kg (Pb , Cd and Ni ).  A set of batch experiments were carried out at different conditions of  extractant concentration , contact time, pH and agitation speed. The results  showed  that the  maximum removal efficiencies  of (Cd, Pb  and Ni ) were (97, 88 and 24 )&nbs

A numerical investigation of the non-cavitating and cavitating performance of a three-blade pump inducer under nominal and off-design operating conditions is presented. Three different simulated hydrofoils; a flat plate, “NACA0004", and "Clark-Y-6%" has been selected to represent the profile of the inducer blade. A 2D, steady, incompressible, turbulent, and isothermal flow field between the inducer blades is simulated using the FVM. The "Interface Tracking" model is selected to predict the cavity profile of the attached cavitation and the cavitating performance drop. For each blade profile, the influence of solidity in the range of (1.8 to 3.0) and blade angle in the range of (20° to 35°) on the inducer performance is studied. Compar

A numerical investigation was conducted to study the effect of simulated ice accreted on airfoil
aerodynamics performance. The simulated ice shapes were tested on NACA 0012 airfoil wing at
different Mach numbers. The study includes the one of the famous types of ice accreted on the
airfoils called the rime ice.
The calculation of ice droplet trajectories was performed by solving the trajectories governing equations of the droplet using FVM. A numerical model based on staggered FVM is built up to solve the governing equations of a body fitted grid, trajectories equation, continuity equation and momentum equation using FORTRAN 97. The turbulence model of (k-ε) has been adopted in the programming to evaluate the turbulence effe

يتناول البحث موضوع إيجاد أبنية كفوءة مناخياً تتميز أغلفتها البنائية بديناميكية عالية تمكنها من التفاعل والتكامل بتغير المواسم في منطقتنا الحارة - الجافة، إذ أن إستيراد الأفكار المعمارية وظهور التقنيات الجديدة أفرز توجهاً فكرياً وعمرانياً يتعارض وأدنى خصائص هذه المنطقة بيئياً وعمرانياً، ومن ثم نشوء عمارة غير منتمية للواقع البيئي المحيط بها فوقفت على مفترق طرق بين عدم مراعاة البيئة ومجاراة الفكر الغربي و

Dental records recently used in forensic medicine to help in human identification, based mainly on radiograph images. The aim of our study is to automate this process, using image analysis and pattern recognition techniques. Postmortem radiographs, including dental radiographs, with a database of ante mortem radiographs searching, in order to get the closest match with respect to some distinct features. Contours of teeth are used as the feature for matching, since they remain more invariant over time compared to some other features of the body. The work ineludes two stages: radiograph segmentation, with pixel classification, and contour matching Probability model is used to describe the distribution of object pixels in the image. Results

The performance of thermal storage porous wall with vents (gravel material) is analyzed for
passive solar heating system under Baghdad climatic conditions by comparing it with conventional
wall (Concrete wall) for a variety of control strategies. The variation has been calculated during a
period of heating season for three months from December (1999) to February (2000) by using
computer simulation with MATLAB language (Ver.6.5). A mathematical model containing the
governing differential equations of heat transfer through the wall and glazing under unsteady heat flow
was performed by using “control volume” technique to obtain the temperature distribution within the
wall. The study was carried out for a south facin

This work includes a numerical investigation of steady two dimensional laminar natural
convection heat transfer in glazed rectangular enclosure at different tilt angles ranged from (0o
to 90o) for Rayleigh number (103-106), aspect ratios(4,5, and 8),and Prandtl number (0.7). The
study considers the effect of different boundary conditions on the heat transfer within the
enclosure. The continuity equation, Navier-Stokes equations and the energy equation are
solved by developing a numerical model based on finite volume method using SIMPLE
algorithm with hybrid scheme to compute the velocity vectors, temperature, pressure, and
Nusselt No. (local and average). Results show an increase in heat transfer rate with increasing

In this paper existing group technology techniques are reviewed and an alternative method using probabilistic approach to machine-components grouping in cellular manufacturing systems is introduced where it is based on production flow analysis, which uses routing information. A common feature of this approach is that it sequentially rearranges row and columns of the machine part incidence matrix according to predefined index and block diagonal is generated. The steps of this method are to assign the 1's in each row and column a probability weight, which alternately rearranged in descending order until a block diagonal matrix is created. It does not need to decide in advance, the number of required cells. It also overcomes the limitation

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a promising solid state joining process and is widely being
considered for automotive industry. In this work mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded joints were investigated for ISO(426/1CuZn10) copper alloy. The effect of main welding parameters were studied including, welding tool rotational speed, preheat time (15, 30)s , plunging time (10,30)s , dwell time 10 s ,plunging depth (0.7,0.8) mm. Group of matrices of welding parameters were used to study the effect of each parameter on properties of welded joints. Series of (FSSW) experiments were conducted using manual drilling machine. Effect of welding parameters on mechanical properties of welded joints were investigated using tensile

Generally, different propositions show that culture changes because of many factors, and acculturation has emerged out of important operations which lead to cultural change as a result of contact between different societies or cultures. Since the cultural environment with its varying effects plays a major role in the formulation of architectural products, the research defined its research problem as follows: There is need for knowledge to specify the results of acculturation at  the level of plans of house architecture belong to Iraqi elites in Baghdad city during the late Ottoman rule in Iraq(1830-1917). The research depends on the comparative procedure to define the acculturation results, so the plans character of

The present study focused mainly on the vibration analysis of composite laminated plates subjected to
thermal and mechanical loads or without any load (free vibration). Natural frequency and dynamic
response are analyzed by analytical, numerical and experimental analysis (by using impact hammer) for
different cases. The experimental investigation is to manufacture the laminates and to find mechanical
and thermal properties of glass-polyester such as longitudinal, transverse young modulus, shear modulus,
longitudinal and transverse thermal expansion and thermal conductivity. The vibration test carried to
find the three natural frequencies of plate. The design parameters of the laminates such as aspect ratio,
thickness

The basic idea of the Main Outfall Drain, MOD, was to construct a main channel to collect saline drained water of the irrigation projects within central and southern parts of Iraq and discharge it down to the Arabian Gulf. The MOD has a navigation lock structures near Addalmage Lake at station 299.4km. This structure is designed to ensure navigation within the MOD. The water level difference upstream the cross regulator and the downstream conjugation structure is about 9m. This head difference can be used to generate electrical power by constricting a low head power plant. This study aimed to utilize the head difference in navigation lock structures for power generation. Different operation condition an

Using the Neural network as a type of associative memory will be introduced in this paper through the problem of mobile position estimation where mobile estimate its location depending on the signal strength reach to it from several around base stations where the neural network can be implemented inside the mobile. Traditional methods of time of arrival (TOA) and received signal strength (RSS) are used and compared with two analytical methods, optimal positioning method and average positioning method. The data that are used for training are ideal since they can be obtained based on geometry of CDMA cell topology. The test of the two methods TOA and RSS take many cases through a nonlinear path that MS can move through tha

Crop coefficient for cherries was evaluated by measure the water consumption in Michigan State to find its variation with time as the plant growth. Crop coefficients value (Kc) for cherries were predicated by Michigan State University (MSU) and also by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) according to consume of water through the season. In this paper crop coefficients for cherries are modified accordingly to the actual measurements of soil moisture content. Actual evapotranspiration (consumptive use) were measured by the soil moisture readings using Time Domain Reflectometers (TDR), and compared with the actual potential evapotranspiration that calculated by using modified Penman-Monteith equation which depends on metrological statio

Roller Compacted Concrete is a type of concrete that is environmentally friendly and more economical than traditional concrete. Roller Compacted Concrete is typically used for heavy-duty and specialist constructions, such as hydraulic structures and pavements, because of its coarse surface. The main difference between RCC and conventional concrete mixtures is that RCC has a more significant proportion of fine aggregates that allow compaction and tight packing. In recent years, it has been estimated that several million tons of waste demolished material (WDM) produced each year are directed to landfills worldwide without being recycled for disposal. This review aimed to study the literature about creating a Roller-Comp

Sustainability means, the integration between the ecological, technological, economical and social systems to forming the urban environment to maintain the resources for the future generations. Sustainability focuses on many principles: Using the natural energy, learning from the traditional architecture, minimizing the consumption of the resources.To develop some criteria's for contemporary dwellings in hot dry climate, the research tried to study and analyze the traditional architecture to diagnose its importance and ability to solve contemporary problems, one of which is the lack of comfortable and suitable dwelling units in hot dry climate regions.The research will study the traditional urban fabric components in the hot- arid zone,

The present work describes numerical and experimental investigation of the heat transfer characteristics in a plate-fin, having built-in piezoelectric actuator mounted on the base plate (substrate). The geometrical configuration considered in the present work is representative of a single element of the plate-fin and triple fins. Air is taken as the working fluid. A performance data for a single rectangular fin and triple fins are provided for different frequency levels (5, 30 and
50HZ) , different input power (5,10,20,30,40 and 50W) and different inlet velocity (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6m/s) for the single rectangular fin and triple fins with and without oscillation. The investigation was also performed with different geometrical fin

Flat slabs made of two-way reinforced concrete are a common, effective, and affordable structural method. Thin layer slabs and lightweight are of great importance in modern building construction without the need to increase the cross-section of columns, walls, and foundations. Consequently, it becomes more important to cover all aspects related to stiffness, vibration, and strength of lightweight concrete slabs. To achieve serviceable flat slabs from lightweight concrete (LWC), the comparison between LWC flat plate and flat slab is studied in this article for strength and stiffness. The construction of the flat plate is much easier than other slabs even though the problem facing the flat plate is the punching shear. Henc