The effects of incoming wakes of upstream rotor on the flow field in a low pressure turbine cascade are investigated. The flow field is studied numerically with and without inlet wake. The rotor effect is represented by moving bars that produce passing wakes at the entrance of the stator. The flow field is analyzed numerically by solving the steady and unsteady forms of the two-dimensional compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Steady flow is performed without wake while the unsteady flow is performed with periodic inlet wake for Reynolds number of order 105. A k- turbulence model is used to obtain the eddy viscosity. The Cartesian velocity components and pressure on a collocated (non-staggered) grid are used as depen

The science of architectural history is considered one of the basic fields of the architectural studies because it reflects civilization, intelligence and creation .The present research problem takes to account the confusion image of the importance of studying architectural history in Islamic architectural theory . Research hypothesis is '' The holly quran encourage research history''. 
The research contain Ayat al quran that in sure the importance of studying history and explain examples from historical buildings the research in sure the importance of studying historical civilization and buildings, and draw some conclusions from al quran miracles.

In recent years, the Global Navigation Satellite Services (GNSS) technology has been frequently employed for monitoring the Earth crust deformation and movement. Such applications necessitate high positional accuracy that can be achieved through processing GPS/GNSS data with scientific software such as BERENSE, GAMIT, and GIPSY-OSIS. Nevertheless, these scientific softwares are sophisticated and have not been published as free open source software. Therefore, this study has been conducted to evaluate an alternative solution, GNSS online processing services, which may obtain this privilege freely. In this study, eight years of GNSS raw data for TEHN station, which located in Iran, have been downloaded from UNAVCO website

An experimental study is conducted to investigate the effect of heat flux distribution on the boiling safety factor of its cooling channel. The water is allowed to flow in a horizontal circular pipe whose outlet surface is subjected to different heat flux profiles. Four types of heat flux distribution profiles are used during experiments: (constant distribution profile, type a, triangle distribution profile with its maximum in channel center, type b, triangle distribution profile with its maximum in the channel inlet, type c, and triangle distribution profile with its maximum in the channel outlet, type d). The study is conducted using heat sources of (1000 and 2665W), water flow rates of (5, 7 and 9 lit/min). The water

Sewer system plays an indispensable task in urban cities by protecting public health and the environment. The operation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of this network have to be in a sustainable and scientific manner. For this purpose, it is important to support operators, decision makers and municipalities with performance evaluation procedure that is based on operational factors. In this paper, serviceability and performance indicator (PI) principles are employed to propose methodology comprising two enhanced PI curves that can be used to evaluate the individual sewers depending on operational factors such as flowing velocity and wastewater level in the sewers. In order to test this methodology; a case study of al-Ru

Theoretical trends have appeared Which posed the concept of biological structures in contemporary architecture concept, Spread through the emergence of architectural production that reflect and indicate the nature of the construction structures based on the ideas and principles of biological structures in biological science: Despite the emergence of many architectural proposals that tried to explain the concept in the field of architecture, but it is not dealt with in depth and not given a comprehensive definition: So there was need to search for the concept and its beginning in the biological field as a general framework down to the field of architecture for the purpose of reducing the limits of their search framework T

In this work, the behavior of reinforced concrete columns under biaxial bending is studied. This work aims at studying the strengthening of columns by using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). The experimental work includes investigation of eight reinforced concrete columns (150*150*500mm) tested under several load conditions. Variables considered in the test program include; effect of eccentricity and effect of longitudinal reinforcement (Ø12mm or Ø6mm). Test results are discussed based on load – lateral deflection behavior, load –longitudinal deflection behavior, ultimate load and failure modes. The CFRP reinforcement permits
a complete change in the failure mode of the columns .The effect of longitudinal reinforcement in

Determining the aerodynamic characteristics of iced airfoil is an important step in aircraft design.  The goal of this work is to study experimentally and numerically an iced airfoil to assess the aerodynamic penalties associated with presence of ice on the airfoil surface. Three iced shapes were tested on NACA 0012 straight wing at zero and non-zero angles of attack, at Reynolds No. equal to (3.36*105). The 2-D steady state continuity and momentum equations have been solved utilizing finite volume method to analyze the turbulent flow over a clean and iced airfoil. The results show that the ice shapes affected the aerodynamic characteristics due to the change in airfoil shape. The experimental results show that the horn iced airfoil

The aim of the present work to study the effect of changing velocity (Reynold's number) on oxygen cathodic polarization using brass rotating cylinder electrode in 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5N NaCl solutions (PH = 7) at temperatures 40, 50 and 600 C. Cathodic polarization experiments were conducted as a function of electrode rotational speed and concentration.

Low- and medium-carbon structural steel components face random vibration and dynamic loads (like earthquakes) in many applications. Thus a modification to improve their mechanical properties, essentially damping properties, is required. The present study focuses on improving and developing these properties, significantly dampening properties, without losing the other mechanical properties. The specimens used in the present study are structural steel ribbed bar ISO 6935 subjected to heating temperatures of (850, 950, and 1050) ˚C, and cooling schemes of annealing, normalizing, sand, and quenching was selected. The damping properties of the specimens were measured experimentally with the area under the curve for the loadi

This study investigates the potential of biogas recovery from used engine oil (UEO) by co-digestion with animals’ manure, including cow dung (CD), poultry manure (PM), and cattle manure (CM). The experimental work was carried out in anaerobic biodigesters at mesophilic conditions (37°C). Two groups of biodigesters were prepared. Each group consisted of 4 digesters. UEO was the main component in the first group of biodigesters with and without inoculum, whereby a mix of UEO and petroleum refinery oily sludge (ROS) was the component in the second group of biodigesters. The results revealed that for UEO-based biodigesters, maximum biogas production was 0.98, 1.23, 1.93, and 0 ml/g VS from UEO±CD, UEO±CM, UEO±PM, and U

Computations of the relative permeability curves were made through their representation by two functions for wetting and nonwetting phases. Each function contains one parameter that controls the shape of the relative permeability curves. The values of these parameters are chosen to minimize an objective function, that is represented as a weighted sum of the squared differences between experimentally measured data and the corresponding data calculated by a mathematical model simulating the experiment. These data comprise the pressure drop across core samples and the recovery response of the displacing phase. Two mathematical models are constructed in this study to simulate incompressible, one-dimensional, two-phase flow. The first model d

This paper presents a high performance vector control approach of the current and speed for Hybrid Stepper Motor (HSM) to improve the dynamic performance of the motor. This is the basic advantage of stepper motors over other types of motors. The open loop controller shows a poor dynamic performance. The stepper motors are widely used in precise motions which is required a high dynamic. However, an open loop control is insufficient, so a closed loop control is required. The field oriented control will improve the dynamic performance of the stepper motor which becomes as a high- dynamic ac- servo. A design and implementation model of HSM using in MATLAB/ Simulink is given. The model is based on nonlinear equivalent circuits representing th

Ion exchange material used in this study is synthetic inorganic resin. It is Iraqi synthetic zeolite type Na-A, which was prepared from Iraqi kaolinite. The prepared zeolite pellets were solidified by heat treatment at 600oC for 3 hours. Nine radiochemical experiments were carried out on real (radioactive) samples. Five of these experiments were to study the uptake rate (sorption rate) of cobalt-60. The measured value for equilibrium time was one hour. The other experiments were carried out to obtain sorption isotherm using batch test. The product cobalt concentration was fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms as followed respectively:
x/m= 1.25 Ce / (1+6*10⁴ Ce)
x/m= 8*10-4 Ce ^0.4
Gamma spectrom

The corrosion protection of low carbon steel in 2.5 M HCl solution by kiwi juice was studied at different temperatures and immersion times by weight loss technique. To study the determination of the optimum conditions from statistical design in evaluation of a corrosion inhibitor, three variables, were considered as the most dominant variables. These variables are: temperature, inhibitor concentration (extracted kiwi juice) and immersion time at static conditions.

These three variables are manipulated through the experimental work using central composite rotatable Box – Wilson Experimental Design (BWED) where second order polynomial model was proposed to correlate the studied variables with the corrosion rate o

Maintenance of  hospital buildings and its management are regarded as an important subject which needs attention because hospital buildings are service institutions which are very important to a society, requiring the search for the best procedure to develop maintenance in hospitals. The research is aimed to determine an equation to estimate the annual maintenance cost for public hospital. To achieve this aim, Al-Sader City Hospital maintenance system in Al-Najaf province has been studied with its main elements through survey of data, records and reports relating to maintenance during the years of the study 2008-2014 and to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threat points in the current system through Swat analysi

Lowering the emission, fuel economy and torque management are the essential
requirements in the recent development in the automobile industry. The main engine control
input that satisfies the above requirements is the throttling angle which adjusts the air mass
flow rate to the engine port. Due to the uncertainty and the presence of the nonlinear
components in its dynamical model, the sliding mode control theory is utilized in this work
for the throttle valve angle control system to design a robust controller for this system in the
presence of a nonlinear spring and Coulomb friction. A continuous sliding mode control law
which consists of a saturation function, instead of a signum function, and the integral of
ano

Many studies and researchers have reported significant evidence that some physical properties of water can be changed as it passes through a magnetic field that can improve water use.  This can have a promising potential for applications, especially in the fields of irrigation and drainage. In this research, magnetized water was used to leach salt-affected sandy loam soil. A test rig was designed and constructed to investigate the effects of magnetized water on leaching soil. The rig consists of a magnetization device that can provide variable intensity. Water was supplied from a constant head reservoir to the magnetization device then to the soils that were placed in plastic columns. Five different magnetic intensi

The increasing drinking water demand in many countries leads to an increase in the use of desalination plants, which are considered a great solution for water treatment processes. Reverse osmosis (RO) and electro-dialysis (ED) systems are the most popular membrane processes used to desalinate water at high salinity. Both systems work by separating the ionic contaminates and disposing of them as a brine solution, but ED uses electrical current as a driving force while RO uses osmotic pressure. A direct comparison of reverse osmosis and electro-dialysis systems is needed to highlight process development similarities and variances. This work aims to provide an overview of previous studies on reverse osmosis and electro-dial

In several developing countries, the increasing request for housing and budgetary constraints have directed governments to search new ways of housing delivery. Many governments adopted an option partnership with the private sector commonly referred to as Public Private Partnership (PPP). The purpose of this study was to investigate the most important legal and political, government support Factors affecting the Implementation of PPPs in residential investment ventures in Iraq thereby reducing the housing deficit in the country. An inclusive research technique comprising a written review, interviews/discussions with decision-makers, professional experts, and seasoned practitioners, as well as a questionnaire, was used to

This study's primary emphasis was locating appropriate locations in the valley of Al-Abyadh for water harvesting dams. Water harvesting techniques are one possible answer for Iraq's water difficulties caused by climate change and the existing dams in the high reaches of rivers, which have exposed the world to severe drought. Water harvesting is collecting water from a specific area, beginning with rainwater in the ground and conserving it by building dams to store it. Valley Al-Abyadh, which extends 268 km and has an area of 4188.96 km², is situated in Anbar Governorate's western desert. Water flows into the Al-Abyadh valley through four basins. This study aims to examine the four basins hydrologically and ana

High population density, land exploitation, and water scarcity are the biggest problems in the world. To solve these problems, floating solar power plants were chosen because of the advantages of this system and high efficiency compared to land systems. In this study, the reservoirs of the five main dams in Iraq were chosen: Dukan, Darbandikhan, Hamrin, Haditha, and Mosul. They were covered with percentages of 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. This study aimed to produce energy and meet the population's electricity needs and evaporation losses. The results revealed that covering the reservoirs by 100% can produce 230.53, 7526666, 15561, 244059, and 184692 MW from reservoirs of Dukan, Darbandikhan, Hemrin, Haditha, and  M

Moisture damage is the most commonly occurring problem, causing layers of asphalt pavements to break apart, reducing the serviceability of roads. The utilization of recycled polymer in asphalt mixtures has become popular because it may offer environmental benefits. The present study aims to investigate how the use of recycled polypropylene (RPP) can reduce the moisture susceptibility of hot mix asphalt (HMA). Asphalt binders were modified with three different concentrations of recycled polypropylene: 1%, 3%, and 5% by weight of the bitumen. The Marshall mix design method was utilized to establish the optimal asphalt content for the specific aggregate gradation both the control and modified mixtures were tested for moistu

This paper presents a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) high-coupled nonlinear model of a twin-rotor aerodynamic system (TRAS). An optimal sliding mode controller (SMC) is proposed to control the TRAS system. Two optimization algorithms, namely Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), are used to tune the SMC’s parameters. Which are effectively implemented in this controller. The simulation results are given to demonstrate its effectiveness. To evaluate the performance of the proposed controller, a comparison with a previous study—that used Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithms—has been conducted. The results of the proposed cont

A new model equation has been constructed to estimate the liquid limit value, using the rapid one point method. Data processing was carried out in Microsoft Excel and SPSS, visualizing and using 6,210 theoretical trial points, which resulted from 135 samples along the actual flow index line, with the number of blows varying from 5 to 50 with an interval of unity. The model has two correction factors (CF), both of which are functions of the number of blows at the trial point in the test. The first CF is applied to the trial moisture content, while the second CF is applied to the previously estimated liquid limit. This technique was checked against real data points. For estimating the liquid limit for a large range of blow

The research focuses on examining the level of harmony in the formal characteristics among the elements of the traditional Baghdad alley, from individual components to the entire area. Numerous studies have highlighted the unity and cohesion in the urban structures of traditional Arab urban environments, including Baghdad alleys, despite the diversity of the urban landscape. The study's theoretical aspect focuses on the visual features of the traditional urban environment, emphasizing the concept of diversity within unity. This is explored through specialized studies in the field. The applied part of the study involves using fractal geometry tools, specifically the box-counting method, to measure the degree of harmony an

Plastic waste materials are constantly increasing around the world as a result of the growing human consumption of these materials day by day, with no actual solutions to get rid of them without causing harm to the environment or the health of living organisms. Therefore, in this research, two types of plastic waste materials are utilized to enhance soft clay soil: polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and nylon (N), in percentages of (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5)% from dry soil weight, to enhance the clay soft soils properties, which are characterized by their excessive compressibility, low bearing capacity, and low shear strength. This study is carried out by conducting laboratory tests before and after the addition. These tests include

يعتمد تطبيق روبوت التوازن الذاتي ذو العجلتين على مهام العالم الحقيقي بشكل حاسم على قدرته على رفض الاضطرابات بشكل فعال. الهدف هو تصميم وحدتي تحكم نشطتين لرفض الإزعاج (ADRCs) لزاوية الجسم والإزاحة، على التوالي، لنظام روبوت ذاتي التوازن ذو عجلتين، والذي يصعب التحكم فيه بسبب الاقتران القوي، وعدم الخطية، وعدم اليقين في المعلمات. استنادًا إلى ديناميكيات النظام، تم تصميم إطار التحكم ADRC لتقدير وتعويض أخطاء النمذجة و

تُعَد اتصالات الموجات المليمترية (mmWave) حلولاً مبتكرة لشبكات الجيل الخامس وما بعدها، نظرًا للتطورات السريعة في عالم الاتصالات. تقدم هذه الورقة شبكة وصول راديوي سحابي غير متجانسة (HC-RAN) تستخدم نطاقات تردد الموجات المليمترية والأقل من 6 جيجاهرتز لتلبية هذه الحاجة. يتم تقديم ارتباطات المستخدمين بوحدات رؤوس الراديو البعيدة (RRHs) للتخفيف من التداخل وتعظيم إنتاجية الشبكة باستخدام خوارزمية (Q-Learning). توفر عمليات النشر

Concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST) are structural members consisting of hollow steel tubes filled with concrete. Both steel and concrete work together to provide several advantages. The concrete increases the steel tube's resistance against local buckling while the steel tube confines the concrete, which increases its compressive strength. The use of CFST beams increased in high buildings due to their great mechanical properties. The researchers were interested in CFST beams because of their great ductility, stiffness, strength, and flexural capacity when compared to hollow steel beams. The properties of CFST beams were enhanced in several ways, for example, by using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) wrapping, addin