The escalating cost of construction projects combined with the competitive nature of the construction
industry requires the constant search for methods to increase the efficiency of such projects through
the elimination of unnecessary costs while maintaining as well as improving levels of quality and
performance desired.
Value Engineering (VE) offers an opportunity to achieve these goals, however, VE utilization by the
construction industry in Iraq remains limited as hypothesized by the researchers. Hence, the reasons
for this condition are worthy of investigation .Based on that, this research work has attempted to
examine the current status of implementation of value engineering methodology 'within the

A static analysis of cellular plate structures of linearly varying depth is presented by using the
simplified grillage method. The cellular plate structure in this study consists of top and bottom
flange plates (non-parallel) separated by longitudinal webs having varying depth. A variational
formulation of thin-walled beam element with linearly varying depth has been carried out for the
derivation of the stiffness matrix of the grillage members for various warping restraint effects. The
effect of warping restraint in stiffness is included by two methods, firstly; the implicit method
(through the torsional constant) and secondly; by the explicit method (as independent warping
degree of freedom). Two diff

Simulation of naturally fractured reservoirs is a laborious techniques, because there are two different porous media in which fluids exist and flow. The porous media exhibit wide variations in their physical properties. The matrix usually represents the major storage capacity while the fractures system provides the main paths of the flowing fluids. Several simulators have been constructed by specialist companies. One is the SimBestII, which is the product of Scientific Software- Intercomp. In order to simulate a reservoir properly by such simulator, one should have an idea about the equations and the procedures encountered in it.
In the present study, an attempt has been made to understand the general structure of SimBestll. The flow

Production of Wet crude oil has been a growing field problem worldwide. Applications of the i:- .c methods and technologies to treat wet crude oil are needed to solve this problem and remove as much water as is economically possible. This paper deals with laboratory test to evaluate the relative efficiency of different emulsion breakets (de-emulsifiers) under different conditions.
Five de-emulsifiers were used to treat wet crude oil from East Baghdad and Kirkuk oilfields. On the basis of a laboratory study, it is shown that using RP6000 (commercial) and NIPD de-emulsifiers achieved the best results; the latter was introduced in the present work. The de-emulsification rate is inlluenced i:o a great extent by the de-emulsifier concentra

This paper describes a stego system in which a gray scale image is embedded in another one.Wavelet transform of both the cover image and the embedded image is used to sort their subbands energies to guarantee that the embedded image will be inserted in the low frequency components of the cover image with little perceptual distortion. Embedding by this way increases the robustness of the system but affects the syster 1 imperceptibility, so a variable scaling factor (a) is used to attenuate the components of the embedded image before adding them to those of the cover image. It is found that the stego image with peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of about 30 dB has goo 1 imperceptibility.The attacker is proposed to be act

The behaviour of batter piles under inclined compressive loads is of considerable importance,yet, not enough information is available in literature on the subject. The tests canied out in this paper were performed on a single inclined pile under various load inclinations in sand. The results indicate that the highest ultimate compressive load for vertical pile occurs at (30) load inclination. At small load inclinations, a positive batter pile has greater ultimate compressive load than that of a negative batter pile. The trend changes at higher Ioad inclinations. The slip surface analysis is recognised to be too complicated to have a definite
solution.

The superhcater zone of the boiler is the convective heat transfer region of the boiler, that is the heat in this region mostly transferred by the convection between the flew gases outside and steam inside tubes. The factors that effected the heat transfer rate and heat transfer coefficient in the Mosiab power station boiler (980000kgihr capacity under pressure of 175bar) at its superlieater is studied here. The super heater is divided into two parts, primary and secondary super heater. Each part is
divided into many zones depending on the pipe size and material. The effect of boiler load mass flow rate of steam on the heat transfer rate, heat transfer coefficient, steam temperature is studied. It is concluded that as the load on the

This research deals with the stress analysis of typical underground tunnels using isoparametric finite elements. Enhanced soflware is used for predicting and analyzing this behavior by using a single phase formulation. This software was developed from an original Computer code namea MXOYN The finite element method is used to solve the dynamic equiiibrium equation with step-by-step tirre
integration schemes. A selected type of dynamic load was chosen which is blast loading. Frictional and paniculate materials, i.e., concrete and soil, are considered. The soil and concrele structures arc analyzed where a dynamic elastic model for concrete and a linear elastic one for soil are used. The soil is further analyzed by a bounding surface

The major of DDoS attacks use TCP protocol and the TCP SYN flooding attack is the most common one among them. The SYN Cookie mechanism is used to defend against the TCP SYN flooding attack. It is an effective defense, but it has a disadvantage of high calculations and it doesn’t differentiate spoofed packets from legitimate packets. Therefore, filtering the spoofed packet can effectively enhance the SYN Cookie activity. Hop Count Filtering (HCF) is another mechanism used at the server side to filter spoofed packets. This mechanism has a drawback of being not a perfect and final solution in defending against the TCP SYN flooding attack. An enhanced mechanism of Integrating and combining the SYN Cookie with Hop Count Filtering (HCF) mech

A new systematic approach is introduced and used to define and study the basic concepts of the anti-virus system. These basic concepts include definitions, design and analysis criteria, and lassifications. Also, the characteristics of the ideal anti-virus system are defined. To understand how the proposed design and analysis criteria can be used in practice, the currently available antivirus products are analyzed using the proposed criteria to see whether they meet the requirements of the ideal anti-virus system or not.

This paper describes a newly modified wind turbine ventilator that can achieve highly efficient ventilation. The new modification on the conventional wind turbine ventilator system may be achieved by adding a Savonius wind turbine above the conventional turbine to make it work more efficiently and help spinning faster. Three models of the Savonius wind turbine with 2, 3, and 4 blades' semicircular arcs are proposed to be placed above the conventional turbine of wind ventilator to build a hybrid ventilation turbine. A prototype of room model has been constructed and the hybrid turbine is placed on the head of the room roof. Performance's tests for the hybrid turbine with a different number of blades and different values o

In this work, a flat-plate solar air heater (FSAH) and a tubular solar air heater (TSAH) were designed and tested numerically. The work investigates the effect of increasing the contact area between the flowing air and the absorber surface of each heater and predicts the expected results before the fabrication of the experimental rig. Three-dimensional two models were designed and simulated by the ANSYS-FLUENT 16 Program. The solar irradiation and ambient air temperature were measured experimentally on December 1^st 2022, at the weather conditions of Baghdad City- Iraq, at three air mass flow rates, 0.012 kg/s, 0.032 kg/s, and 0.052 kg/s. The numerical results showed the advantage in the thermal performance of

This research is devoted to investigate the behavior and performance of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with externally bonded Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) laminates under the effect of torsion. In this study a theoretical analysis has been conducted using finite element code ANSYS. Six previously tested beams are used to investigate reinforced concrete beams behavior
under torsion, two of them are solid and the rest are box-section beams. Also, two beams are without CFRP reinforcement, which are used as control beams for the strengthened one, and the other four beams are strengthened with CFRP laminates with different number of layers and spacing. Numerical investigation is conducted on these beams, and comparisons b

Since the beginning of the last century, the competition for water resources has intensified dramatically, especially between countries that have no agreements in place for water resources that they share. Such is the situation with the Euphrates River which flows through three countries (Turkey, Syria, and Iraq) and represents the main water resource for these countries. Therefore, the comprehensive hydrologic investigation needed to derive optimal operations requires reliable forecasts. This study aims to analysis and create a forecasting model for data generation from Turkey perspective by using the recorded inflow data of Ataturk reservoir for the period (Oct. 1961 - Sep. 2009). Based on 49 years of real inflow data

Different methods of encryption that are widely used in smart card have been presented. Because of the usefulness and widespread application of Food Ration Card throughout our country, three models of designing and simulations are developed. A comparison between the different models is done. The first model is the Food Ration Card without using any security method. The second model is the Food Ration Card with using an AES algorithm as a security method. The third model is the Food Ration Card with using RSA method. All models are implemented and simulated using  BasicCard Development kit Environment. For the first model, a Compact BasicCard version ZC1.1 is used. While for the second and third models, a Professional BasicCard versi

A new approach for baud time (or baud rate) estimation of a random binary signal is presented. This approach utilizes the spectrum of the signal after nonlinear processing in a way that the estimation error can be reduced by simply increasing the number of the processed samples instead of increasing the sampling rate. The spectrum of the new signal is shown to give an accurate estimate about the baud time when there is no apriory information or any restricting preassumptions. The performance of the estimator for random binary square waves perturbed by white Gaussian noise and ISI is evaluated and compared with that of the conventional estimator of the zero crossing detector.

The present study focused mainly on the buckling behavior of composite laminated plates subjected to mechanical loads. Mechanical loads are analyzed by experimental analysis, analytical analysis (for laminates without cutouts) and numerical analysis by finite element method (for laminates with and without cutouts) for different type of loads which could be uniform or non-uniform, uniaxial or biaxial. In addition to many design parameters of the laminates such as aspect ratio, thickness ratio, and lamination angle or the parameters of the cutout such as shape, size, position, direction, and radii rounding) which are changed to studytheir effects on the buckling characteristics with various boundary conditions. Levy method of classical lam

This paper presents the study and analysis, analytically and numerical of circular cylindrical shell pipe model, under variable loads, transmit fluid at the high velocity state (fresh water). The analytical analysis depended on the energy observation principle (Hamilton Principle), where divided all energy in the model to three parts , strain energy, kinetic energy and transmitted energy between flow and solid (kinetic to potential energy). Also derive all important equations for this state and approach to final equation of motion, free and force vibration also derived. the relations between the displacement of model function of velocity of flow, length of model, pipe thickness, density of flowed with location coordinate x-axis and angle

In the present work, steady, laminar natural convection in nonrectangular enclosures is analyzed numerically with and without fin. Vertical walls insulated while horizontal walls maintained isothermal at different temperature and the fin was placed on horizontal surface. The length of fin was equal (B/L=0.22, 0.44 and 0.66) and thickness of fin was constant. Various parameters are studied: Rayleigh number (from 104 to 107 ), Prandtl number (0.7), number of fin change from (1-3) and aspect ratio (H/L= 0.15 to 0.5). The problem is formulated in terms of the vorticity-stream function procedure. A numerical solution based on program in Fortran 90 with Tec plot program. The finite difference method is used. Streamlines and isotherms are prese

In this research an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique was applied for the prediction of Ryznar Index (RI) of the flowing water from WTPs in Al-Karakh side (left side) in Baghdad city for year 2013. Three models (ANN1, ANN2 and ANN3) have been developed and tested using data from Baghdad Mayoralty (Amanat Baghdad) including drinking water quality for the period 2004 to 2013. The results indicate that it is quite possible to use an artificial neural networks in predicting the stability index (RI) with a good degree of accuracy. Where ANN 2 model could be used to predict RI for the effluents from Al-Karakh, Al-Qadisiya and Al-Karama WTPs as the highest correlation coefficient were obtained 92.4, 82.9 and 79.1% respe

Fluid-structure interaction method is performed to predict the dynamic characteristics of axial fan system. A fluid-structure interface physical environment method (monolithic method) is used to couple the fluid flow solver with the structural solver. The integration of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations is performed in the time Doman, simultaneously to the integration of the three dimensional structural model. The aerodynamic loads are transfer from the flow to structure and the coupling step is repeated within each time step, until the flow solution and the structural solution have converged to yield a coupled solution of the aeroelastic set of equations. Finite element method is applied to solve numerically

The growing population and the rising standard of living in cities as well as the increased commercial, industrial and agricultural activities around the world led to
massive production of waste containing different materials and one of them is the municipal solid waste (MSW), so there is a major problem facing the cities around the world about the waste, how to collect, transfer it and how to discard it. Because the accumulation of wastes, whether in the city alleys or in its squares and especially in its residential areas affect the health of their populations besides this situation will be a major indication of the deteriorating quality of life in the city, as hygiene considered a fundamental criterion for the city beauty as well

Eye loss may be caused as a result of eye trauma, accidents, or malignant tumors, which leads the patient to undergo surgery to remove the damaged parts. This research examines the potential of computer vision represented by Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry in fabricating the orbital prosthesis as a noninvasive and low-cost technique. A low-cost camera was used to collect the data towards extracting the dense 3D data of the patient facial features following Structure from Motion-Multi View Stereo (SfM-MVS) algorithms. To restore the defective orbital, a Reverse Engineering (RE) based approach has been applied using the similarity RE algorithms based on the opposite healthy eye to rehabilitate the defected orbit

Shallow and inclined skirted foundations on 30% sandy soil were examined in the experiment program. The study examined the effects of positive and negative eccentric-inclined loading on foundations. Experimental testing was done in a 600 × 600 mm box with a 50 x 50 mm square footing with a 10 mm thickness. The skirt angles were 10°, 20°, and 30°, and the skirt depth was Ds was 0.5 B. Results showed that using skirts significantly increases load-bearing capacity and decreases tilting. Tilting reduces with a skirt, and skirt inclination (alpha) increases with similar loads. Inclined skirts decrease tilt by (2.3% to 0.66%) at e was 0.15 B, load angle (beta) was 15°, and alpha was 30° in the negative case. Tilting incr

Trickle bed reactor was used to study the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene over Ni/SiO2 catalyst. The catalyst was prepared using the Highly Dispersed Catalyst (HDC) technique. Porous silica particles (capped cylinders, 6x5.5 mm) were used as catalyst support. The catalyst was characterized by TPR, BET surface area and pore volume, X-ray diffraction, and Raman Spectra. The trickle bed reactor was packed with catalyst and diluted with fine glass beads in order to decrease the external effects such as mass transfer, heat transfer and wall effect. The catalyst bed dilution was found to double the liquid holdup, which increased the catalyst wetting and hence, the gas-liquid mass transfer rate. The main product of the hydrogenation reaction of n

The behavior of externally prestressed composite beams under short term loading has been studied. A computer program developed originally by Oukaili to evaluate curvature is modified to evaluate the deflection of prestressed composite beam under flexural load. The analysis model based on the deformation compatibility of entire structure that allows to determine the full history of strain and stress distribution along cross section depth, deflection and stress increment in the external tendons .
The evaluation of curvatures for the composite beam involves iterations for computing the strains vectors at each node at any loading stage. The stress increment determined using equations depended on the member deflection at points of connecti

The pavement is one of the basic components of road infrastructure and, therefore, directly influences general levels of transport safety, as well as the quality of transportation services in human and cargo traffic. Accordingly, the objective of the present study is to develop the prediction model for pavement
condition index (PCI) for flexible pavement. To achieve this objective, (80) selected pavement sections in four sites in the study area and (1100) sample of pavement sections were selected from these sections for the purpose of (PCI) model building. These data include ; longitudinal , transverse, alligator , slippage and block cracking , rutting ,depression , bleeding , polishing , patching and pothole . The effort to develop

This work involves the calculation of the cooling load in Iraqi building constructions taking in account the effect of the convective heat transfer inside the buildings. ASHRAE assumptions are compared with the Fisher and Pedersen model of estimation of internal convective heat transfer coefficient when the high rate of ventilation from ceiling inlet configuration is used. Theoretical calculation of cooling load using the Radiant Time Series Method (RTSM) is implemented on the actual tested spaces. Also the theoretical calculated cooling loads are experimentally compared by measuring the cooling load in these tested spaces. The comparison appears that using the modified Fisher and Pedersen model when large ventilation ra

Co-composting process can be acquired by combining organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) with sewage sludge (SS) and mature compost (MC) as enhancement and bulking agent to overcome the problems of municipal solid waste and wastewater treatment plants besides the finally produced fertilizer usage for agriculture and horticulture. The effects of different mixture ratios of (OFMSW), (SS) and (MC) on the performance of composting process were investigated in this study. Piles of about 10 kg were prepared by mixing OFMSW, SS and MC in three different ratios (w/w) [OFMSW: SS: MC= 3:1:1, 3:2:1, and 3:3:1]. Results showed that the pile [3:1:1] was most beneficial to composting. The final compost products contained a

The research targets study of influence of additives on sand mold’s properties and, consequently, on
that of carbon steel CK45 casts produced by three molds. Three materials were selected for addition
to sand mix at weight percentages. These are sodium carbonates, glycerin and oat flour. Sand molds
of studied properties were produced to get casts from such molds. The required tests were made to
find the best additives with respect to properties of cast. ANSYS software is used to demonstrate
the stresses distribution of each produced materials. It is shown that the mechanical properties of
casts produced is improved highly with sodium carbonates and is less with oat flour and it is seem a
few with glycerin additives