The present work reports on the performance of three types of nanofiltration membranes in the removal of highly polluting and toxic lead (Pb²⁺) and cadmium (Cd²⁺) from single and binary salt aqueous solutions simulating real wastewaters. The effect of the operating variables (pH (5.5-6.5), types of NF membrane and initial ions concentration (10-250 ppm)) on the separation process and water flux was investigated. It was observed that the rejection efficiency increased with increasing pH of solution and decreasing the initial metal ions concentrations. While the flux decreased with increasing pH of solution and increasing initial metal ions concentrations. The maximum rejection of lead and cadmium ion

This research presents a study for precipitating phosphorus (as phosphate ion) from simulated wastewater (5ppm initial concentration of phosphorus) using calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)₂ solution. The removal of phosphorus by Ca (OH)₂ solution is expected to be very effective since the chemical reaction is of acid-base type but Ca(OH)₂ forms complex compound with phosphate ions called. Hydroxyapatite Ca₅ (PO₄)₃OH. hydroxyapatite is slightly soluble in water. This research was directed towards sustainable elements as phosphorus. Kinetics of the dissolution reaction of hydroxyapatite was investigated to find the best factors to recover phosphorus. The effect of con

This paper is a study of the effect of natural saliva (oral cavity) and a fluoride mouthwash on dental
amalgams .Two types electrodes were made the first was of a high copper amalgam while the second was
made from a low copper amalgam. They were immersed in two types of electrolytes for twelve hours and the whole galvanic cell was connected to a computer via a potentiosat. Their corrosion currents, corrosion
voltage and corrosion resistance was recorded and compared to find which medium that is usually has the
most severe effect on the amalgams corrosion.

Physical and chemical adsorption analyses were carried out by nitrogen gas using ASTM apparatus at 77 K
and hydrogen gas using volumetric apparatus at room temperature respectively. These analyses were used for
determination the effect of coke deposition and poisoning metal on surface area, pore size distribution and
metal surface area of fresh and spent hydrodesulphurization catalyst Co-Mo\Al2O3 .
Samples of catalyst (fresh and spent) used in this study are taken from AL-Dura refinery.
The results of physical adsorption shows that surface area of spent catalyst reduced to third compare with
fresh catalyst and these catalysts exhibit behavior of type four according to BET classification ,so, the pores
of these sample

There many methods for estimation of permeability. In this Paper, permeability has been estimated by two methods. The conventional and modified methods are used to calculate flow zone indicator (FZI). The hydraulic flow unit (HU) was identified by FZI technique. This technique is effective in predicting the permeability in un-cored intervals/wells. HU is related with FZI and rock quality index (RQI). All available cores from 7 wells (Su -4, Su -5, Su -7, Su -8, Su -9, Su -12, and Su -14) were used to be database for HU classification. The plot of probability cumulative of FZI is used. The plot of core-derived probability FZI for both modified and conventional method which indicates 4 Hu (A, B, C and D) for Nahr Umr forma

The present study deals with the optimum design of self supporting steel communication towers. A special technique is used to represent the tower as an equivalent hollow tapered beam with variable cross section. Then this method is employed to find the best layout of the tower among prespecified configurations. The formulation of the problem is applied to four types of tower layout
with K and X brace, with equal and unequal panels. The objective function is the total weight of the tower. The variables are the base and the top dimensions, the number of panels for the tower and member's cross section areas. The formulations of design constraints are based on the requirements of EIA and ANSI codes for allowable stresses in the members

Premature failure in asphalt concrete pavement has been the main concern for pavement construction companies and engineers in recent years because of the large rise in traffic volume and loads and the temperature extremes in the summer and winter. The use of modifiers in asphalt concrete mixtures has attracted much attention to increase the performance and lifespan of pavements. As nanotechnology developed, several researchers concentrated on how these materials can help increase pavement serviceability by minimizing rutting and moisture damage. This study evaluates the Hydrated Lime (HL) effect by two methods (wet and dry hydrated lime) on the durability of the warm mix asphalt. The first method, HL, has been supplemented to the asphalt

This study used a spray pyrolysis approach to create thin films from SnO₂ doped with 2% Co on a heated glass substrate at 400°C and investigated how the structural and optical characteristics are affected by non-thermal plasma. X-ray diffraction analysis was initially employed to look into the structural characteristics, and the results indicate that the SnO₂ and SnO₂:Co thin film are polycrystalline and have tetragonal structure, peak formation has occurred in (110), (101), and (211), which correlate to the subsequent diffraction angles, respectively (26.55⁰), (33.90⁰), and (51.55⁰). A peak associated with Co was also observed at (311), which is equivalent to the (36.78⁰) diffra

This paper describes the use of microcomputer as a laboratory instrument system. The system is focused on three weather variables measurement, are temperature, wind speed, and wind direction. This instrument is a type of data acquisition system; in this paper we deal with the design and implementation of data acquisition system based on personal computer (Pentium) using Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)bus. The design of this system involves mainly a hardware implementation, and the software programs that are used for testing, measuring and control. The system can be used to display the required information that can be transferred and processed from the external field to the system. A visual basic language with Microsoft foundation cl

In this research a local adsorbent was prepared from waste tires using two-step pyrolysis method. In the carbonization process, nitrogen gas flow rate was 0.2L/min at carbonization temperature of 500ºC for 1h. The char products were then preceded to the activation process at 850°C under carbon dioxide (CO2) activation flow rate of 0.6L/min for 3h. The activation method produced local adsorbent material with a surface area and total pore volume as high as 118.59m2 /g and 0.1467cm3/g, respectively. The produced . local adsorbent (activated carbon) was used for adsorption of lead from aqueous solution. The continuous fixed bed column experiments were conducted. The adsorption capacity performance of prepared activated carbons in this work

The use of lightweight aggregates in cement concrete manufacturing solves the issue of drying shrinkage over the concrete's life span; nevertheless, the use of artificial lightweight sand may increase this issue in the cement mortar. This research looks at how using lighter sand affects the non-mechanical qualities of cement mortar, namely the dry shrinkage property. It was prepared lightweight sand by pulverising pumice stone, screening it through a 1.18 mm sieve, and combining it with regular natural sand in varied amounts. It was tested various replacement percentages for lightweight sand by weight, such as 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, and 18%, while keeping a single control sample without any lightweight pulverized pumice san

Generally, the homing systems are majorly constructing from three components: the guidance law, the target tracking system, and the missile flight control system. Therefore, in this paper, we construct our homing system from the following components: the proportional navigation guidance law which is considered as the guidance scheme for most homing missile systems, the
electro-optical tracking system, and a tail controlled missile. And subsequently complete mathematical derivations and the demand transfer function formulations of all these three components have been introduced. The proposed homing system is capable to pursuit and hit any target just by specifying the required missile flight time. A SIMULINK software program has been

The main function of a power system is to supply the customer load demands as economically as possible. Risk criterion is the probability of not meeting the load. This paper presents a methodology to assess probabilistic risk criteria of Al-Qudus plant before and after expansion; as this plant consists of ten generating units presently and the Ministry Of Electricity (MOE) is intending to compact four units to it in order to improve the performance of Iraqi power system especially at Baghdad region. The assessment is calculated by a program using Matlab programming language; version 7.6. Results show that the planned risk is (0.003095) that is (35 times) less than that in the present plant risk; (0.1091); which represents respectable imp

The Third Generation Partnership specified the 5th Generation New Radio standard to fulfill the growing demand of wireless traffic and the increased need for higher data rates. With the spread of new applications, efficient scheduling algorithms are mandatory to handle the allocation of the limited spectrum resources to various types of traffic and to guarantee the requirements of the quality of service and the quality of experience informed by users. In this paper several scheduling algorithms specifically Round Robin, Best Channel Quality Indicator, Proportional Fair, Modified Largest Weighted Delay First, Exponential Proportional Fair, and Logarithm Rule are evaluated and their performances are compared to each other.

The quality of drinking water is considered among the most urgent issues worldwide nowadays. Ensuring safe water for human consumption remains the highest priority, while challenges also persist in meeting the water quality needs for industrial and agricultural uses. Most of the relevant studies lack accuracy in assessing water quality. Therefore, this study aims to forecast the quality of drinking water along the Tigris River in Iraq following a new approach. A developed forecasting model that utilizes the gravitational search algorithm (GSA) was deployed. The heuristic optimization tool was utilized for the prediction of the water quality index (WQI) in the research area. Out of twelve water stations, 575 samples

Soil movement resulting due unsupported excavation nearby axially loaded piles imposes significant structural troubles on geotechnical engineers especially for piles that are not designed to account for loss of lateral confinement. In this study the field excavation works of 7.0 m deep open tunnel was continuously followed up by the authors. The work is related to the project of developing the Army canal in the east of Baghdad city in Iraq. A number of selected points around the field excavation are installed on the ground surface at different horizontal distance. The elevation and coordinates of points are recorded during 23 days with excavation progress period. The field excavation process was numerically simulated by using the finite

Tests were performed on Marshall samples and were implemented for permanent deformation and resilient modulus (Mr) under indirect tensile repeated loading (ITRL), with constant stress level. Two types of liquid asphalt (cutback and emulsion) were tried as recycling agents, aged materials that were reclaimed from field (100% RAP), samples were prepared from the aged mixture, and two types of liquid asphalt (cutback and emulsion) with a weight content of 0.5% were utilized to prepare a recycled mixture. A group of twelve samples was prepared for each mixture; six samples were tested directly for ITRL test (three samples at 25˚C and three samples at 40˚C), an average value for ITRL for every three samples was calculated (

This studies concerned with the optimum weight design of steel plate girders which have been used in long spans and heavy loads constructions. AISC-1989 Specification was used for design calculations, A computer program was prepared to achieve the optimum design. Flexure ard derlection were considered. The correlation between the clear depth (h) and the weight per unit length of the girder were established for different loads, spans, steel grades, minimum theoretical web thickness, and minimum practical web thickness. It was found that the optimum weight s obtained when the flange width is nearly equal to the clear distance (h) between the flanges. Also it was found that small difference in opumum weight is obtained when using the minimu

ناول هذا البحث دراسة النفايات الصلبة لمدينة النجف التابعة إلى محافظة النجف ، وهي إحدى مدن العراق المهمة ذات الأهمية الدينية

وتضمنت هذه الدراسة التعرف على خصائص النفايات الصلبة (معدلات التولد ، المكونات الفيزيائية ، محتوى الرطوبة ، الكثافة). وتم إجراء الفحوصات على النفايات لمدة ثمانية اشهر وللفترة من كانون الأول 2003م وحتى تموز 2004 للأخذ بنظر الاعتبار تغيرات فصول

السنة وتأثير درجات الحرارة على هذه الخ

he present study has been carried out to investigate the effect of Elasto Hydrodynamic Lubrication (EHL) on the pressure distribution of cold rolling strip by taking new conditions, which give new results in the theoretical analysis. This analysis takes into consideration the variation of the yield stress of the material, the position of the neutral angle (0) and the shear stress along the direction of rolling.The results obtained from the numerical method are in good agreement with the previous experimental result.

This paper proposes a new structure of the hybrid neural controller based on the identification model for nonlinear systems. The goal of this work is to employ the structure of the Modified Elman Neural Network (MENN) model into the NARMA-L2 structure instead of Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) model in order to construct a new hybrid neural structure that can be used as an identifier model and a nonlinear controller for the SISO linear or nonlinear systems. Weight parameters of the hybrid neural structure with its serial-parallel configuration are adapted by using the Back propagation learning algorithm. The ability of the proposed hybrid neural structure for nonlinear system has achieved a fast learning with minimum number

A cantilevered piezoelectric beam with a tip mass at its free end is a common energy harvester configuration. This paper introduces a new principle of designing such a harvester which increases the generated voltage without changing the natural frequency of the harvester: The attraction force between two permanent magnets is used to add stiffness to the system. This magnetic stiffening counters the effect of the tip mass on the natural frequency. Three setups incorporating piezoelectric bimorph cantilevers of the same type in different mechanical configurations are compared theoretically and experimentally to investigate the feasibility of this principle. Theoretical and experimental results show that magnetically stiffe

In this research the treatment of 7201 cutting fluid was carried out to decrease its environmental impact on water resources after being used and being less effective due to the action of contaminants.
The breaking of emulsion was carried out using two methods: The first method was by using acid and/or heat. 1 molar sulfuric acid was used to decrease pH to 1.5 whth heating the emulsion to 90 ºC. It was found that the acid is the dominating factor in emulsion breaking and the maximum efficiency achieved was 85% after one day using (10335 ppm) sulfuric acid. The second method was by using two different types of coagulants calcium chloride (CaCl2) and ferric chloride (FeCl3) at different emulsified oil concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, 10% by

The aim of sustainability represents one of the most important aims that most architects sought for achieving it. Thus, the economical factor appears to have the priority within the set of factors leading to this aim, where the effect of this factor appears much clearly in housing projects in comparison to other types of buildings. Therefore, many attempts and experiments were adopted in the field of economical low cost housing in different places of world. These attempts were associated with many aspects concerning the subject of achieving the possible economy of house of all levels. In spite of the numerous attempts that were adopted on the local level for putting general lines for the economical housing directions; the results were no

The Iraqi houses flattening the roof by a concrete panel, and because of the panels on the top directly exposed to the solar radiation become unbearably hot and cold during the summer and winter. The traditional concrete panel components are cement, sand, and aggregate, which have a poor thermal property. The usage of materials with low thermal conductivity with no negative reflects on its mechanical properties gives good improvements to the thermal properties of the concrete panel. The practical part of this work was built on a multi-stage mixing plan. In the first stage the mixing ratio based on the ratios of the sand to cement. The second stage mixing ratios based on replacing the coarse aggregate quantities with the

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The vortex rate sensor is a fluidic gyroscope with no moving parts and can be used in very difficult conditions like radiation, high temperature and noise with minimum cost of manufacturing and maintenance. A vortex rate sensor made of wood has been designed and manufactured to study theoretically and experimentally its static performance .A rig has been built to carry out the study,
the test carried out with three different air flow rates (100, 150, and 200 l/min).The results show that the relation between the differential pressure taken from the sensor pickoff points and the angular velocity of the sensor was linear.The present work involved theoretical and experimental study of vortex rate sensor static characteristics .Vortex rat

For modeling a photovoltaic module, it is necessary to calculate the basic parameters which control the current-voltage characteristic curves, that is not provided by the manufacturer. Generally, for mono crystalline silicon module, the shunt resistance is generally high, and it is neglected in this model. In this study, three methods are presented for four parameters model. Explicit simplified method based on an analytical solution, slope method based on manufacturer data, and iterative method based on a numerical resolution. The results obtained for these methods were compared with experimental measured data. The iterative method was more accurate than the other two methods but more complexity. The average deviation of

ABSTRACT:
Engineering education should involve practical laboratory to support theoretical foundation and develop
student skills. These hands on laboratories have some disadvantages such as expensive, supervision required, time and place restrictions. This paper presents design and evaluation of a web based virtual laboratory for teaching Digital Signal Processing (DSP) to undergraduate students in Electromechanical Engineering Department at the University of Technology. The laboratory experiments includes classification of signals, sampling theorem, Fourier series, complex Fourier series, Fourier transform, inverse Fourier transform, discrete Fourier transform, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT),convolution , Z-transform, and digital fi

The problem of generated waste as a result of the implementation of construction projects, has  been aggravated recently because of construction activity experienced by the world, especially Iraq, which is going through a period of reconstruction, where construction waste represents (20-40%) of the total generated waste and has a negative effect on the environment and economic side of the project. In addition, the rate of consumpted  amounts of natural resources are estimated to be about 40% in the construction industry, so it became necessary to reduce waste and to be manage well. This study aims to identify the key factors affecting waste management through the various phases of the project, and this is accom