An experimental investigation has been carried out for zinc-nickel (Zn-Ni) electro-deposition using the constant applied current technique. Weight difference approach method was used to determine the cathode current efficiency and deposit thickness. Also, the influence effect of current density on the deposition process, solderability, and porosity of the plating layer in microelectronic applications were examined. The bath temperature effect on nickel composition and the form of the contract was studied using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Moreover, elemental nature of the deposition was analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX).     

It has been found that the best bath temperature

The concrete industry consumes millions of tons of aggregate comprising of natural sands and gravels, each year. In recent years there has been an increasing trend towards using recycled aggregate to save natural resources and to produce lightweight concrete. This study investigates the possibility of using waste plastic as one of the components of lead-acid batteries to replace the fine aggregate by 50 and 70% by volume of concrete masonry units. Compared to the reference concrete mix, results demonstrated that a reduction of approximately 32.5% to 39.6% in the density for replacement of 50% to 70% respectively. At 28 days curing age, the compressive strength was decreased while the water absorption increased by increas

In this paper, several combination algorithms between Partial Update LMS (PU LMS) methods and previously proposed algorithm (New Variable Length LMS (NVLLMS)) have been developed. Then, the new sets of proposed algorithms were applied to an Acoustic Echo Cancellation system (AEC) in order to decrease the filter coefficients, decrease the convergence time, and enhance its performance in terms of Mean Square Error (MSE) and Echo Return Loss Enhancement (ERLE). These proposed algorithms will use the Echo Return Loss Enhancement (ERLE) to control the operation of filter's coefficient length variation. In addition, the time-varying step size is used.The total number of coefficients required was reduced by about 18% , 10% , 6%

Technology is an important factor for achieving architecture as an impact and vulnerability. It represents one of the significant elements in creating the intellectual framework, as well as having its own intellectual breakdown, while values constitute the most important and obviously factor of the community's intellectual. Research aims was determined accordingly by: investigating the role and impact of values and their relationship to technology in architecture.

In this context, the research investigated values and technology in architecture, through discussing their aspects and dimensions in architecture. In the context of values, the research discussed their concept and the related ones to have a concrete def

The hydrodynamics behavior of gas - solid fluidized beds is complex and it should be analyzed  and understood due to its importance in the design and operating of the units. The effect of column inside diameter and static bed height on the minimum fluidization velocity, minimum bubbling velocity, fluidization index, minimum slugging velocity and slug index have been studied experimentally and theoretically for three cylindrical columns of 0.0762, 0.15 and 0.18 m inside diameters  and 0.05, 0.07 and 0.09 m static bed heights .The experimental results showed that the minimum fluidization and bubbling velocities had a direct relation with column diameter and static bed height .The minimum slugging velocity had an

Diyala Governorate was exposed recently to high flood waves discharged from Hemrin Dam to Diyala River when the dam reached its full capacity. The recently recorded discharge capacity of Diyala River was reduced to just 750m³/s. This exposes cities and villages along the Diyala River to flood risk when discharging the flood waves, which may reach 3000 m³/s. It is important to manage, suggest, and design flood escapes to discharge the flood waves from Hemrin Dam away from Diyala River. This escape branches from Hemrin Lake towards Ashweicha Marsh. One dimensional hydraulic model was developed to simulate the flow within the escape by using HEC-RAS software. Eighty-two cross-sections were ext

The variation of compression index C_c and swelling index C_s with the degree of saturation S was studied on unsaturated and fully saturated soils for different degrees of saturation (100%, 91%, 85%, 75%, 60%), several mathematical equations were found to describe these relationships, these equations can be used to predict settlement during the consolidation process in unsaturated and fully saturated soils.

A series of laboratory model tests has been carried out to investigate the using of pomegranate sticks mat as reinforcement to increase the bearing capacity of footing on loose sand. The influence of depth and length of pomegranate sticks layer was examined. In the present research single layer of pomegranate sticks reinforcement was used to strengthen the loose sand stratum beneath the strip footing. The dimensions of the used foundation were 4*20 cm. The reinforcement layer has been embedded at depth 2, 4 and 8 cm under surcharge stresses . Reinforcing layer with length of 8 and 16 cm were used. The final model test results indicated that the inclusion of pomegranate sticks reinforcement is very effective in improvement the loading cap

تعد الجريمة احدى الظواهر المهمة التي تمت دراستها على المستوى العالمي، واجتهد المهتمون من مخططين ومعماريين للسيطرة
على هذه الظاهرة لغرض تحقيق الامن. ومما يجعل دراسة ظاهرة الجريمة فيها ذات قدر عال من الاهمية ولاسيما ضمن نطاق
المجمعات السكنية عالية الكثافة لتأثير تلك الظاهرة على سلوك الانسان فيها واحساسه بالامن.شخص البحث مشكلة معرفية خاصة
تتعلق بعدم شمولية المعرفة العلمية المتوفرة حول محددات البيئة ال

The paper studied capability o f forging proces s to produce round shape flange using ace t al (celcon celconR polymer w hich is an engineering crystalline material having a good ductility if it is preheated The process done under cold & hot conditions Th i s kind of technique guarantees a produc t with high strength and stiffness better than what injection molding could achieve . The products showed crack and curling traces on the flange under cold forging, but a good product was achieved by heating the billet and the tools to (100 C o with i mprovem ent in the mechanical properties The paper discussed also through stress strain c urves manner of deformation through forging action . The results explained that POM (celcon celconR) is

The best design of subsurface trickle irrigation systems requires knowledge of water and salt distribution patterns around the emitters that match the root extraction and minimize water losses. The transient distribution of water and salt in a two-dimensional homogeneous Iraqi soil domain under subsurface trickle irrigation with different settings of an emitter is investigated numerically using 2D-HYDRUS software. Three types of Iraqi soil were selected. The effect of altering different values of water application rate and initial soil water content was investigated in the developed model. The coefficient of correlation (R²) and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) was used to validate the predicted numerical res

In this paper a detailed study of the theory of free axisymmetric vibration of thin isotropic prolate spheroidal shells is presented. The analysis is performed according to Rayleigh – Ritz method. This method as well as an approximate modeling technique were attempted to estimate the natural frequencies for the shell. This technique is based on considering the prolate spheroidal as a continuous system constructed from two spherical shell elements matched at the continuous boundaries. Through out the obtained results it is found that this method predicted fairly well the natural frequencies of a prolate spheroidal shell for all values of eccentricities. 

Sewer system plays an essential task in urban cities by protecting public health and the environment. The operation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of this network have to be sustainable and scientifically. For this purpose, it is crucial to support operators, decision makers and municipalities with performance evaluation procedure that is based on operational factors. In this paper, serviceability and performance indicator (PI) principles are employed to propose methodology comprising two enhanced PI curves that can be used to evaluate the individual sewers depending on operational factors such as flowing velocity and wastewater level in the sewers. To test this methodology; a case study of al-Rusafa in Baghdad city is

Shrinkage and Creep, especially in light-weight concrete, are recognized as complicated phenomena that significantly impact the serviceability of concrete. This may be attributed to the significant influence of the surface layer's behavior at the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between the aggregate and the surrounding cement paste on shrinkage and creep phenomena. In this article, the short-term creep and shrinkage of structural lightweight aggregate (LWA) concrete up to 90 days were studied. The concrete was made with a combined coarse and fine perlite aggregate, and the water cement ratio (W/C) was 0.4. Two types of fibers were used: polypropylene and recycled copper wire. Additionally, metakaolin was used as a pozz

Sustainable cell tower design is essential for minimizing the environmental footprint of expanding telecommunication networks, which traditionally prioritize signal coverage over sustainability. This study addresses this gap by proposing a holistic framework that integrates standardized sustainability metrics, advanced energy management systems, and modular design principles. The research aims to minimize environmental footprint while ensuring scalability and cost-effectiveness. A multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model is developed to evaluate designs based on energy consumption, carbon emissions, lifecycle costs, and adaptability. The model was validated against operational tower data with a 5.4% Mean Absolute Perc

Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of microbially stimulated calcite precipitation (MICP), produced by specific bacterial species such as Bacillus spp. , as a crack repair agent in cementitious materials. To explore its potential applications, this research investigated the effect of a bacteria-based self-healing agent on concrete containing recycled brick aggregate. The study involved isolating and culturing bacteria, identifying their species, inducing cracks, adding the bacteria, and measuring the repair efficacy of Bacillus spp.  Specifically, isolated bacteria were added to samples of solid pavement composed of recycled brick aggregate, and cracks of varying sizes were created. Using 16S RNA seque

Time and cost overruns are problems that persist in projects involving transportation infrastructure, especially in developing regions. This research examines the empirical relationship between time inflation (TI), which is defined as the percentage increase in project duration from the original schedule, and financial inflation (FI), which is defined as the percentage increase in project cost from the original budget for road and bridge projects in Iraq. The problem that the research aims to cover is the escalation in project costs associated with time inflation, with the aim of quantifying this relationship to aid in project planning and risk management. Using a quantitative method, data from 18 completed projects were

Light naphtha treatment was achieved over 0.3wt%Pt loaded-alumina, HY-zeolite and Zr/W/HY-zeolite catalysts at temperature rang of 240-370°C, hydrogen to hydrocarbon mole ratio of 1-4 0.75-3 wt/wt/hr, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) and at atmospheric pressure.
The hydroconversion of light naphtha over Pt loaded catalyst shows two main reactions; hydrocracking and hydroisomerization reactions. The catalytic conversion of a light naphtha is greatly influenced by reaction temperature, LHSV, and catalyst function. Naphtha transformation (hyroisomerization, cracking and aromatization) increases with decreasing LHSV and increasing temperature except hydroisomerization activity increases with increasing of temperature till 300°C then

To damp the low-frequency oscillations which occurred due to the disturbances in the electrical power system, the generators are equipped with Power System Stabilizer (PSS) that provide supplementary feedback stabilizing signals. The low-frequency oscillations in power system are classified as local mode oscillations, intra-area mode oscillation, and interarea mode oscillations. Double input multiband Power system stabilizers (PSSs) were used to damp out low-frequency oscillations in power system. Among dual-input PSSs, PSS4B offers superior transient performance. Power system simulator for engineering (PSS/E) software was adopted to test and evaluate the dynamic performance of PSS4B model on Iraqi national grid. The res

In this study, the electro-hydraulic servo system for speed control of fixed displacement hydraulic motor using proportional valve and (PID) controller is investigated theoretically ,experimentally and simulation . The theoretical part includes the derivation of the nonlinear mathematical model equation of (valve – motor ) combination system and the derivation of the transfer function for the complete hydraulic system , the stability test of the system during the operation through the transfer function using MATLAB package
V7.1 have been done. An experimental part includes design and built hydraulic test rig and simple PID controller .The best PID gains have been calculated experimentally and simulation, speed control performance te

The aim of this research was to apply a numerical model capable of describing the thermal pollution in rivers. For this purpose a two-dimensional numerical model was applied for estimating temperature distribution in a river Momentum Conservation Equation and Thermal Energy Equation were used to describe the fdistribution and diffusion of temperature along the river subjected to thermal pollution point source. Furthermore the model incorporates the (k-e) turbulence model to calculate the distribution of turbulent viscosity The pressure distribution was determined using hydrostatic pressure equation. The partial differential equations were formalized and simplified to be solved using Alternative direction implicit- explicit method (ADI) w

The study presents the test results of Completely Decomposed Granite (CDG) soil tested under drained triaxial compression, direct shear and simple shear tests. Special attention was focused on the modification of the upper halve of conventional Direct Shear Test (DST) to behave as free
head in movement along with vertical strain control during shear stage by using Geotechnical Digital System (GDS). The results show that Free Direct Shear Test (FDST) has clear effect on the measured shear stress and vertical strain during the test. It has been found that shear strength
parameters measured from FDST were closer to those measured from simple shear and drained triaxial compression test. This study also provides an independent check on

Series compensation is frequently found on long transmission lines used to improve voltage stability. Due to the long transmission lines, voltage begins to decay as the line moves further from the source. Series compensation devices placed strategically on the line to increase the voltage profile of the line to levels near 1.0 p.u.. This paper presents a novel optimum location and optimum percentage compensation value of a series capacitor as a compensation method to enhance the voltage stability and loss reduction. The proposed method is applied to a 11-bus power system.The load flow analysis using Newton-Raphson approach for the 11-bus test system was designed and tested using MATLAB 7 programming language.

This research presents a model for surveying networks configuration which is designed and called a Computerized Integrated System for Triangulation Network Modeling (CISTNM). It focuses on the strength of figure as a concept then on estimating the relative error (RE) for the computed side (base line) triangulation element. The CISTNM can compute the maximum elevations of the highest
obstacles of the line of sight, the observational signal tower height, the contribution of each triangulation station with their intervisibility test and analysis. The model is characterized by the flexibility to select either a single figure or a combined figures network option. Each option includes three other implicit options such as: triangles, quadri

In this study, a 3 mm thickness 7075-T6 aluminium alloy sheet was used in the friction stir welding process. Using the design of experiment to reduce the number of experiments and to obtain the optimum friction stir welding parameters by utilizing Taguchi technique based on the ultimate tensile test results. Orthogonal array of L9 (3³) was used based on three numbers of the parameters and three levels for each parameter, where shoulder-workpiece interference depth (0.20, 0.25, and 0.3) mm, pin geometry (cylindrical thread flat end, cylindrical thread with 3 flat round end, cylindrical thread round end), and thread pitch (0.8, 1, and 1.2) mm) this technique executed by Minitab 17 software. The results showed th

This paper deals with finite element modeling of the ultimate load behavior of double skin composite (DSC) slabs. In a DSC slab, shear connectors in the form of nut bolt technique studs are used to transfer shear between the outer skin made of steel plates and the concrete core. The current study is based on finite element analysis using ANSYS Version 11 APDL release computer program. Experimental programmes were carried out by the others, two simply supported DSC beams were tested until failure under a concentrated load applied at the center. These test specimens were analyzed by the finite element method and the analyses have shown that these slabs displayed a high degree of flexural characteristics, ultimate strength,

A new mathematical model for three-dimensional thin-walled curved beam element of closed
section with seven degree-of-freedom per node is derived using the finite element procedure. The
seventh degree-of-freedom is to account for warning restraint effects in thin-walled closed sections.
These effects may become significant and should be fully considered in such sections for which
warping deformations are relatively large. This model considers the coupled action due to the
curved geometry of the element using its exact static behavior in the derivation of the displacement
field. Also, the modei considers the non-uniform torsional behavior of closed thin-walled sections
in cases where additional axial direct stresses a

_{The aim of this paper, is to analyze the assignment problem in industry where the constraint of allowing to allocate only one job to each machine is relaxed. Thus, splitting the job is permitted and processed by more than one machine. The problem is demonstrated with a real life case study. We solved the problem by splitting the jobs and converting lot of jobs as well as the actual hours of each machine to Standard Machine Hours (SMH). Transportation model is also suggested to overcome the problem, and the optimum solution is obtained by using POM software}

This work deals with the production of light fuel cuts of (gasoline, kerosene and gas oil) by catalytic cracking treatment of secondary product mater (heavy vacuum gas oil) which was produced from the vacuum distillation unit in any petroleum refinery. The objective of this research was to study the effect of the catalyst -to- oil ratio parameter on catalytic cracking process of heavy vacuum gas oil feed at constant temperature (450 °C). The first step of this treatment was, catalytic cracking of this material by constructed batch reactor occupied with auxiliary control devices, at selective range of the catalyst –to- oil ratio parameter (  2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5) respectively.  The conversion of heavy vacuum gas

In this paper different channel coding and interleaving schemes in DS/CDMA system over multipath fading channel were used. Two types of serially concatenated coding were presented. The first one composed of Reed-Solomon as outer code, convolutional code as inner code and the interleaver between the outer and inner codes and the second consist of convolutional code as outer code, interleaved in the middle and differential code as an inner code. Bit error rate performance of different schemes in multipath fading channel was analyzed and compared. Rack receiver was used in DS/CDMA receiver to combine multipath components in order to enhance the signal to noise ratio at the receiver.