Anaerobic digestion is a technology widely used for treatment of organic waste for biogas production as a source for clean energy. In this study, poultry house wastes (PHW) material was examined as a source for biogas production. The effects of inoculum addition, pretreatment of the substrate, and temperature on the biogas production were taken into full consideration. Results revealed that the effect of inoculum addition was more significant than the alkaline pretreatment of raw waste materials. The biogas recovery from inoculated waste materials exceeds its production from wastes without inoculation by approximately 70% at mesophilic conditions. Whereby, the increase of biogas recovery from pretreated wastes was by 20% higher than its

Huwaiza marsh is considered the largest marsh in the southern part of Iraq. It is located between 31° and 31.75° latitude and extends over the Iraqi-Iranian border; but the largest part lies in Iraq. It is located to the east of Tigris River in Messan and Basra governorates.
In this research, the variation of some water quality parameters at different locations of Huwaiza marsh were studied to find out its efficacy in the treatment of the contamination coming from the wastewater outfall of Kahlaa brokendown sewage treatment plant which lies on the Kahlaa River. This rive is the main feeder of Huwaiza marsh. Ten water quality sampling locations were chosen in this marsh. The water samples were taken during 2009 for three months; Janu

The grouted ground anchor is the most used geotechnical element to transfer the tension load from the superstructure or the soil mass in front of the potential failure surface (active zone) to a deeper, efficient soil layer for its reliability and feasibility. It was originally constructed by inserting the tendon, usually a steel strand, into an already drilled borehole filled with cement grout. It was successfully used in the Cheurfas dam in Algeria in (1934). According to the load transfer mechanism, there are two types of ground anchors: tension-type and compression-type. The names of these two types of anchors refer to the developed stresses in the grouted body.  The present work presents a literature survey about t

Orthogonal multicode direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) has the flexibility in offering high data rate services. However, in a frequency-selective fading channel, the bit error rate (BER) performance is severely degraded since the orthogonality among spreading codes is partially lost. In this paper, frequency-domain equalization (FDE) and space antenna diversity combining are applied to orthogonal multicode DS-CDMA in order to restore the code orthogonality and improve the BER performance of the system. Two methods of FDE are considered, the first method based on fast Fourier transform (FFT), while the second method based on circulant matrices. Moreover, a channel interleaving method, called chip interleaving is used

AsSanna'f Marsh is one of the southern Iraqi Marshes. It is considered as a seasonal marsh. During rainy season, the marsh feeders start to fill the nearly empty region of the marsh and the water levels start to increase gradually. After the water level reaches a specific value, it starts to flow toward Al Huwayza Marsh. Studies on the hydrological properties of AsSanna'f Marsh are rare and there is a lack of hydrological data of AsSanna’f Marsh feeders. Generally, this paper was prepared to predict missing hydrological data, a procedure was developed and applied for this purpose, and to be used with the available hydrological and topographical data for modeling and analysis the hydrological properties of AsSanna’f Marsh. The topogra

The behavior of prestressed concrete box-girder bridges has been studied under short term loading.
The 20-noded isoparametric three-dimensional brick elements have been used to model the concrete
in the box-girder with its two cantilever flanges. The reinforcing bars are idealized as axial
members embedded within the brick elements. The behavior of concrete in compression was
simulated by an elastic-plastic work hardening model followed by a perfectly plastic response,
which is terminated at the onset of crushing. In tension, a smeared crack model with fixed
orthogonal cracks is used with the inclusion of models for the retained post-cracking stress and
reduced shear modulus. The prestressing forces in the tendons ar

Simulation  of  the  Linguistic  Fuzzy Trust  Model  (LFTM)  over  oscillating  Wireless  Sensor Networks (WSNs) where the goodness of the servers belonging to them could change along the time is presented in this paper, and the comparison between the outcomes achieved with LFTM model over oscillating WSNs with the outcomes obtained by applying the model over static WSNs where the servers maintaining always the same goodness, in terms of the selection percentage of trustworthy servers (the accuracy of the model) and the average path length are also presented here. Also in this paper the comparison between the LFTM and the Bio-inspired Trust and Reputation Model for Wireless Sensor Network

Innovative structural supports, known as skirted foundations, are primarily employed in offshore engineering. Skirted foundations extend below the footing like conventional shallow foundations and carry loads to deeper soil layers. A "skirt" is a wall that surrounds the foundation from one side or more, is connected to the foundation, and functions as a single unit. These skirts are essential for improving overall stability and transferring loads to more stable subsurface layers, which improves the foundation's performance.  Significant features of skirted foundations make them promising for economics and appropriate for use in constructions with large loads and poor soil conditions. It has been demonstrated that skirted foundations are

Reducing friction between orthodontic components, such as archwires and brackets, is crucial in contemporary orthodontic treatments. Coating these components is a significant method to achieve this goal. This research is aimed To investigate the tribological performance of nanocoated 316L stainless steel (SS)—one of the most widely used alloys in orthodontic archwire manufacturing—coated with vanadium (V), tantalum (Ta), and niobium (Nb) via plasma sputtering at varying time intervals (1, 2, and 3 hours) under wet conditions simulating an oral in-service environment, which is unexplored previously in the existing literature. Using a computerized tribo-system applying 1 N for 20 minutes on coated SS substrates, the co

 procedure is presented to calculate an equivalent diameter for soil grains to be used to calculate the specific surface of the soil. The typical grain size distribution curve is expressed as a normal probability distribution cumulative curve and the frequency corresponding to the equivalent diameter is accordingly found. This frequency is adopted as the percent finer corresponding to the equivalent diameter. A relation is given for the calculation of the specific surface using the equivalent diameter. Grain size distribution curves of many soil samples are collected. A value for the specific surface of each soil is determined summing the surface area of subintervals in the distribution curve. The values of specific surface obtained

Seepage under earthen dams is considered a major factor in their stability. Statistics showed that 40% of dam failures are caused by foundation seepage. In this study, the finite element method was used to calculate the amount of seepage under (Haditha Dam, located on the Euphrates River. A simulation model was created for each decade, and the seepage amount was calculated for three decades. The results showed a match in the values and that the amount of seepage between the first and second decades increased by (0.000022 m³/s) or (7.62%). Seepage increased between the second and third decades by (0.000056 m³/s) or (17.89%). This increase is considered small for thr

This paper presents region growing image segmentation method which unifies region and boundary information. Several studies shown that segmentation based on image features can improve the accuracy of the interpretation. The goal of segmentation is to simplify and/or change the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze. Image segmentation is typically used to locate objects and boundaries (lines, curves, etc.) in images. More precisely, image segmentation is the process of assigning a label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with the same label share certain visual characteristics.
A problem that frequently arises when an image is segmented is that the number of feature variables o

In this paper, split-plate airlift electrochemical reactor as an apparatus with new configuration for wastewater treatment was provided. Two aluminum plates were fixed inside the reactor and present two functions; first it works as split plates for internal loop generation of the airlift system (the zone between the two plates acts as riser while the other two zones act as downcomer) and second it works as two electrodes for electrocoagulation process. Simulated wastewater contaminated with zinc ions was used to test the performance of this apparatus for zinc removal by studying the effect of different experimental variables such as initial concentration of zinc (50-800 ppm), electrical current density (2.67-21.4 mA/cm²), init

The investigation-included experiments were conducted to investigate the local and average mixed

convection heat transfer coefficient for thermally developing and fully developed hydrodynamically laminar airflow in an inclined annulus. The experimental setup, using an aluminum annulus having a radius ratio of (0.41) and the inner tube with a heated length of (0.85m) with constant wall heat flux boundary conditions. The investigation covered Reynolds number range from (332 to 1128) and heat flux varied from (82w/m² to 545w/m2). The air is developed hydrodynamically by using the entrance section annulus (calming section) having the same inner and outer diameter as a test section but with variable lengths. The entrance sections inc

Architecture forms theoretical summaries and multi systems that have the essence of change, and that what distinguishes Architecture from other sciences and their systems. Architecture means way of life via its expressional products and that appears through its systems. These systems are based on formative and technological properties in form, structure, services and materials as well as
their moral forms. All these are associated with techniques and facilities in order to establish integrated system.
Architectural creation does not come from void but it depends on a conception base to create a new condition for creative architectural product. The general problem of the research concentrated on limited theoretical and practica

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is used in photovoltaic (PV) systems to enhance efficiency and maximize the output power of PV module, regardless the variation of temperature, irradiation, and the electrical characteristics of the load. A new MPPT system has been presented in this research, consisting of a synchronous DC-DC step-down Buck converter controlled by an Arduino microcontroller based unit. The MPPT process with Perturb and Observe method is performed with a DC-DC converter circuit to overcome the problem of voltage mismatch between the PV modules and the loads. The proposing system has high efficiency, lower cost and can be easily modified to handle more energy sources. The test results indicate that the u

The potential to remove Pb(II) from aqueous solutions through biosorption using four raw dead plant biomasses (karab, bardie, rice hulls and corn-cobs) was investigated in batch tests and compared with that for the PAC. From tests, it was found that the four types of dead-plant biomasses had shown high removal efficiency with the descending order (karab, bardie, rice hulls and corn cobs). Their percent removal (% R) of Pb(II) were (98.76, 96.10, 95.16 and 94.70) respectively at pH 4 with 0.2 g of sorbent/100 ml of 10 ppm lead solution , while it was (99.8 %) for PAC. Generally through batch system at a laboratory scale, karab has proved to be an efficient biosorbent for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions with low initial ion co

The Decimation in Frequencey Fast Fourier Transform (DIF FFT) is a computationally intensive digital signal processing function widely used in applications such as imaging and wireless communication. Historically, this has been a relatively difficult function to implement optimally in hardware, leading many software designers to use digital signal processors (DSPs) in soft implementations. Unfortunately, because of the funetion's computationally intensive nature, such an approach typically requires multiple DSPs within the system to support the processing requirements. This is costly from a device and board real-estate perspective as well as power intensive

Field-programmable gate array FPGA c-processors have become an extremely

This paper offers a new design, simulation, and trying out a strategy for the Photovoltaic (PV) gadget producing 100 MW· The work explores how different irradiance and PV temperature tiers have an effect on the output power· To enhance the PV system, the proposed work utilizes the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique with a DC-DC boost converter and a 3-phase tie inverter· These components can improve output voltage and convert it into AC electricity for integration into the application grid· The Block Builder tool is taken into consideration a key factor of this work, which enables accurate simulation of various environmental conditions inclusive of a wide range of solar radiation and PV temperature· Conse

Moisture induced damage is a prevalent pavement distress commonly observed by road agencies. The damage caused by moisture significantly affects the pavement's lifespan and performance. This research investigated the influence of silica fume (SF) on the susceptibility to moisture. Three concentrations of silica fume were used 3%, 6%, and 9% by weight of the binder. A thermal camera has been used to detect variations in homogeneity in the modified asphalt during the mixing process. The optimal asphalt content was 4.92, 5.02, 5.16, and 5.22 for the control and modified mixtures. The moisture susceptibility was evaluated by measuring the tensile strength ratio (TSR) and index of retained strength (IRS). The thermal images s

In the present work, the impact of metal foam (MF) on the thermal efficiency of a parabolic trough collector (PTC) was experimentally investigated using two types of receivers: one with metal foam insertion (MFI) and one without. Tests were conducted with a 30% filling ratio (FR) of copper foam blocks, consisting of 10 discs, each 45 mm thick, semi-uniformly spaced along the receiver pipe. The copper foam had pore densities of 10–40 PPI and porosities of 0.903 and 0.8983. The experiments carried out under ASHRAE 93 standards involved varying volume flow rates from 0.1 to 0.3 LPM, using water as the heat transfer fluid. The experiments took place in Iraq in May 2024, from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., under solar radiation co

A boundary element numerical algorithm has been developed for the determination of stresses and
deformations around cavities and tunnels. A study of the influence of depth below the ground
surface on the distribution of stresses and deformations around cavities and tunnels is presented in
this paper. The soil is assumed to behave linearly elastic.
A computer program has been built to perform the numerical computations. The results show that
with increasing the depth of placement of tunnel or opening below the ground surface, the settlements decrease. The maximum stresses occur at the haunches of the tunnel rather than at the crown. For the circular cavity that is considered in this paper, it was found that with increasing

This research is devoted to investigate the behavior and performance of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with externally bonded Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) laminates under the effect of torsion. In this study a theoretical analysis has been conducted using finite element code ANSYS. Six previously tested beams are used to investigate reinforced concrete beams behavior
under torsion, two of them are solid and the rest are box-section beams. Also, two beams are without CFRP reinforcement, which are used as control beams for the strengthened one, and the other four beams are strengthened with CFRP laminates with different number of layers and spacing. Numerical investigation is conducted on these beams, and comparisons b

In this work, the adsorption of reactive yellow dye (Remazol yellow FG dye) by granular activated carbon (GAC) was investigated using batch and continuous process. The batch process involved determination the equilibrium isotherm curve either favorable or unfavorable by estimation relation between adsorption capacity and concentration of dye at different dosage of activated carbon. The results were fitted with equilibrium isotherm models Langmuir and Freundlich models with R2value (>0.97). Batch Kinetic study showed good fitting with pseudo second order model with R2 (0.987) at contact time 5 h. which provesthat the adsorption is chemisorptions nature. Continuous study was done by fixed bed column where breakthrough time was increased

In this study, a one-dimensional model represented by Butler-Volmer-Monod (BVM) model was proposed to compute the anode overpotential and current density in a mediator-less MFC system. The system was fueled with various organic loadings of real field petroleum refinery oily sludge to optimize the favorable organic loading for biomass to operate the suggested system. The increase in each organic loading showed higher resistance to electrons transport to the anode represented by ohmic loss. On the contrary, both activation and mass transfer losses exhibited a noticeable decrement upon the increased organic loadings. However, current density was improved throughout all increased loads achieving a maximum current density of 5.2 A/m³

In the present study, free convection heat and mass transfer of fluid in a square packed bed enclosure is numerically investigated. For the considered geometrical shape, the left vertical wall of enclosure was assumed to be kept at high temperature and concentration while the opposite wall was kept at low temperature and concentration with insulating both the top and bottom walls of enclosure. The Brinkman– Forchheimer extended Darcy model was used to solve the momentum equations, while the energy equations for fluid and solid phases were solved by using the local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) model.Computations are performed for a range of the Darcy number from 10-5 to 10-1, the porosity from 0.5 to 0.9, and buoyancy ratio from -15 t

This article demonstrates how different cooling rates and precipitation hardening affected the mechanical properties of AA2024. Three impact test samples were chosen. Solution heat treatment was conducted at 500 °C for 2 hrs., followed by quenching in three different quenching media (Sunflower Oil, Sesame Oil, and Corn Oil). As a result, the Sunflower Oil showed the lowest shock absorption rate; hence, it was chosen as the quenching medium for this study. Consequently, all samples of tensile, hardness, and impact tests were solution heat treated at 500 °C for 2 hours, then quenched in Sunflower Oil to room temperature and artificially aged at temperatures of 180°C for 1,2,4 hour, 195°C for 1, 2, 4 hour, and 210°C fo

The governing differential equations about the seepage were resolved using the standard numerical. The research location was on the Darbandikhan dam, which is about 230 kilometres northeast of the governorate of Baghdad in the district of Sulaymaniyah on the Diyala River. The Geo-Studio program and its subprogram SEEP/W were used to examine the total water head through the dam and water flux, and exit gradient through the numerical model that represents the dam body to show how seepage affects the dam's stability. To run the dam numerical model, three upstream reservoir water levels at a Minimum water level of 434 m, Normal water level of 472 m, and flood water level of

Climate change poses a global challenge with profound repercussions on land cover, particularly affecting areas like Iraq due to decreased rainfall, rising temperatures, desertification, vegetation loss, and reduced river tiers attributable to weather change. This study investigates the impact of climate change on land cover in the Al-Hillah district of Babil province, Iraq, using remote sensing data and satellite imagery from Landsat 5 and 8 through the website of the US Geological Survey from 1995 to 2021. ArcMap 10.8 software program was employed to analyze and visualize these changes. The Al-Hillah district spans an area of 878 km², encompassing built-up areas, agriculture areas, desert land, wetlands, and

The problems of design of machine foundations for the special case of vertical mode of vibration
for block foundation are presented in this paper. The empirical design method is used to get the
results using a computer program MATHCAD dealing with the parameters related to the machine.
Design charts that are prepared to be a guide for the designer engineer are drawn. The design charts
are based on the variables limitations including the properties of the soil, machine and foundation.
The design charts are based on three displacements which are acceptable for design of the machine
foundation.