Among the most important problems which faced the new approach is the wide use of old approach , particularly the traditional approach ( general contractor ) and the bill of quantity contract, and this were commonly used in the course of the application of fast – track approach in spite of unfulfilling the execution requirements for the fast – track , so It became necessary to look for certain contract rules to be used as a substitute suited all conditions and cases after concluding lessons from the local experiments in rebuilding issues . This research aims at analyzing the subject of shortening time factor taking in consideration the effect all the effective factors which leads to increase the cost and time A scientific methodology

As a result of the growth of economic, demographic and building activities in Iraq, that necessitates carrying out geotechnical investigations for the dune sand to study behavior of footings resting on these soils. To determine these properties and to assess the suitability of these materials for resting shallow foundation on it, an extensive laboratory testing program was carried out. Chemical tests were carried out to evaluate any possible effects of the mineralogical composition of the soil on behavior of foundation rested on dune sands.
Collapse tests were also conducted to trace any collapse potential. Loading tests were carried out for optimum water content and different shapes of footing. Loading test recommends manufacturing o

This paper proposes a self organizing fuzzy controller as an enhancement level of the fuzzy controller. The adjustment mechanism provides explicit adaptation to tune and update the position of the output membership functions of the fuzzy controller. Simulation results show that this controller is capable of controlling a non-linear time varying system so that the performance of the system improves so as to reach the desired state in a less number of samples.

A thermal layout modeling and optimization routine for a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) has been made
in the present work. The thermal model includes the modeling of electronic components based on thermal
resistances and the PCB as a flat plate with multiple heat sources. Isothermal and Isoflux natural
convection heat transfer for horizontal and vertical PCB thermal modeling. The numerical solution
method for the 2-dimensional thermal model is the superposition method for the adiabatic PCB edges. The
optimization meshing model was constructed based on the Complex Method. The numerical Complex
Method has been improved to a new optimization method named as "Dual Complex Method", which
minimize the objective function to gi

Electrically heated horizontal cylinders of diameters 2.15cm,3cm, and 3.8cm were vibrated vertically in stagnant air at a frequency (10,15,20Hz) and amplitude range from (0.0005m) to (.0076m). The effect of different parameters on the heat transfer ratio (hv/ho) was investigated from its outer surface. It is concluded that, heat transfer ratio increases at high frequency and small diameter. Vibration Reynolds number has good effects on heat transfer ratio. (Gr.Pr) has bad indication on heat transfer ratio at high temperature difference (high heat flow). The vibration intensity also has good influence on heat transfer.

A description is given of the resistance spot welding process in terms of internal behavior of the weld as welding takes place. Heat input due to spot welding of steel sheet plate causes temperature gradient in the parent metal. After cooling, residual stresses appear around the welding zone reducing the strength. Residual stresses are a result of the temperature gradient and the dependency
of material properties on the temperature, such as yield strength, elasticity modulus, and thermal expansion coefficient. Nonlinear transient heat transfer analysis performed in order to obtain the temperature distribution in the welded part .A nonlinear thermo–plastic stress analysis is then performed to predict the stress and strain fields dur

This thesis deals with design and implementation of PC based control unit for testing systems. The design of the system involves mainly the hardware circuits, and software. The tester carries out the following types of test Analog circuit test, Digital I.C. test, Incircuit test, and functional test. The system designed and implemented, the implemented system hardware was built around two parallel ports. The hardware includes four buffers used as I\O channels addressed as Analog input (A\I), Analog output (A\O), Digital input (D\I), and Digital output (D\O). The system also includes Analog to digital converter, Digital to analog converter, and resistor testing circuit. The data to processed can be in digital or in an analog form. In the

Three revolutions characterize the age of information: Information Revolution,Technology Revolution and Media Revolution. These revolutions developed and interacted with each other in an amazing way. Way to an extent that it becomes a title to our
contemporary architecture. These revolutions changed people‟s thoughts, behaviors, and traditions. The effect of technology on the urban structure generally and the urban space specifically changed the physical structure of these spaces as a necessary result to the change of intellectual structure in community. The information revolution changed a lot of the common urban space„s characteristics and concepts as well as an extreme change in concepts related to the space.
The new though

The verse (35) in SURA (AL- Nur) in the HOLY QURAN has inspired the author to look into the possibility of using Olive Oil as active dye laser material. Olive Oil which is classified as organic compound, having a good properties candidate it to be used as active dye laser material. The emission spectrum diagrams at some of absorption peaks (414, 536, 632 and 670) nm will be measured. These diagrams have been used to determine the Fluorescence quantum yield, Oscillator strength, Einstein coefficients for the spontaneous emission, Radiative and Fluorescence lifetime and absorption and cross sections. It has been found that fluorescence occurs at 669 nm for the entire absorption spectrum. Fluorescence of Olive Oil has been experimented usin

The hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers have great effect on the fluid flow and heat transfer between rotating turbine blade. In the present work, the flow and heat transfer is analyzed numerically by solving two dimensional incompressible boundary layer equations. A ( k – ε ) turbulence modeling is used to obtain the eddy viscosity. The finite volume method is introduced to carryout all computational solution with staggered grid arrangement. Due to complex physical domain the original coordinate system is transferred to non orthogonal coordinate system. The calculation of present work done for rotating two dimensional turbine cascade with different rotating speeds (1500 rad/s, 1800 rad/s, 1900 rad/s), and for different Reynolds

The present work is concerned with the theoretical and experimental investigation of flow pattern of Newtonian fluid in liquid mixing process in stirred tank with flat blade impeller. A threedimensional model for mixing process was simulated. The effected parameters are rotation speed and impeller diameter. Continuity, momentum, and turbulent equations were solved by ANSYS package software 5.4 code with FLOTRAN/CFD based on Finite Element method. In the experimental work, two visualization methods are used in this work, the first method is the acidbase reaction visualization method and the second is the particle distribution visualization method.
Different chemical materials were used in the first method, NaOH as a base, 2 4 H SO as a

This paper describes a numerical study of natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics inside a cavity with wavy vertical walls. The bottom wall is heated by spatially varying temperature and other three walls are kept at cooled temperature. Governing equation was discretized using the finite volume-method with staggered variables arrangement in curvilinear coordinates. Two geometrical configurations were used in this study for symmetrical and unsymmetrical wavy vertical walls (total of 132 cases) for range of Ra=100 to 106 and fixed Prandtl number (0.71). The effects of the wave geometry, wave amplitude, number of undulation, and Rayliegh number on flow behavior, thermal field, local Nusselt number and Nusselt number

In this paper the boundary elements method is used as numerical techniques for solving elastomeric materials (rubber or rubber-like materials) under small and large strains analysis. Under small deformations, the formulations are based on assuming that the elastomer is linear elastic isotropic incompressible solid. While for the large deformation, the formulation is based on decomposing the 1st Piola-Kirchhoff stresses into linear and nonlinear parts. Thereafter, the final derived equations are composed of both boundary integral and non-linear domain integrals. The non-linear analyses were performed using an incremental procedure with an iterative algorithm.
Solving some numerical examples and comparing the results with that obtained

The objective of this study is to investigate the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in the treatment of wastewater contaminated with furfural. The AOPs investigated is the homogeneous photo-Fenton (UV/H₂O₂/Fe⁺²) process. The experiments were conducted by using cylindrical stainless steel batch photo-reactor. The influence of different variables: initial concentration of H₂O₂ (300-1300mg/L), Fe⁺²(20-70mg/L), pH(2-7) and initial concentration of furfural (50-300 mg/L) and their relationship with the mineralization efficiency were studied.

 Complete mineralization for the system UV/H₂O₂/Fe⁺² was achieved at: initi

Gypseous soils are distributed in many regions in the world including Iraq, which cover more than (31%) of the surface area of the country. Existence of these soils, always with high gypsum content, caused difficult problems to the buildings and strategic projects due to dissolution and leaching of the gypsum caused by the action of water flow through soil mass. For the study, the gypseous soil was brought from Bahr Al-Najaf, Al-Najaf Governorate which is located in the middle of Iraq. The model pile was embedded in gypseous soil with 42% gypsum content. Compression axial model pile load tests have been carried out for model pile embedded in gypseous soil at initial degree of saturation of (7%) before and after soil satu

In this study, thermal characteristics of a two-phase closed heat pipe were investigated experimentally and theoretically. A two-phase closed heat pipe (copper container, Fluorocarbon FC-72 (C6F14) working fluid) was fabricated to examine its performance under the effect of input heat flux range of 250–1253 W/m2 , 70% fill charge ratio and various tilt angles. The temperature distribution along the heat pipe, input heat to evaporator section, and output heat from condenser were monitored. A comprehensive mathematical model was developed to investigate the steadystate heat transfer performance of a two-phase closed heat pipe. A steady state analytical model, is presented to determine important parameters on the design of two-phase close

Darcy-Weisbach (D-W) is a typical resistance equation in pressured flow; however, some academics and engineers prefer Hazen-Williams (H-W) for assessing water distribution networks. The main difference is that the (D-W) friction factor changes with the Reynolds number, while the (H-W) coefficient is a constant value for a certain material. This study uses WaterGEMS CONNECT Edition update 1 to find an empirical relation between the (H-W) and (H-W) equations for two 400 mm and 500 mm pipe systems. The hydraulic model was done, and two scenarios were applied by changing the (H-W) coefficient to show the difference in results of head loss. The results showed a strong relationship between both equations with correlation coefficients of 0.999,

This paper presents a study of a syndrome coding scheme for different binary linear error correcting codes that refer to the code families such as BCH, BKLC, Golay, and Hamming. The study is implemented on Wyner’s wiretap channel model when the main channel is error-free and the eavesdropper channel is a binary symmetric channel with crossover error probability (0 < Pe ≤ 0.5) to show the security performance of error correcting codes while used in the single-staged syndrome coding scheme in terms of equivocation rate. Generally, these codes are not designed for secure information transmission, and they have low equivocation rates when they are used in the syndrome coding scheme. Therefore, to improve the transmiss

يبدو الاثر الكبير للمكونات الايكولوجية ..............

The difficulty of building a secure network is due to the changing nature of the enterprise coupled with the increasing sophistication of the hacker threat, both from inside and outside of the network. Active networks enable individual user or groups of users to inject customized programs into the nodes of the network.
The proposed system depends on the basic concepts (authentication and authorization) and uses RSA algorithm to add additional level of security. The proposed system also depends on active packet architecture, the packet will represented in the active node as input, and when the packet is retransmitted to another active node it carries information about each node it visits. The result of execution the packet will display

A cantilevered piezoelectric beam with a tip mass at its free end is a common energy harvester configuration. This paper introduces a new principle of designing such a harvester which increases the generated voltage without changing the natural frequency of the harvester: The attraction force between two permanent magnets is used to add stiffness to the system. This magnetic stiffening counters the effect of the tip mass on the natural frequency. Three setups incorporating piezoelectric bimorph cantilevers of the same type in different mechanical configurations are compared theoretically and experimentally to investigate the feasibility of this principle. Theoretical and experimental results show that magnetically stiffe

The image processing is one from the most powerful fields in the modern DSP techniques; also it has wide range of applications this day such as image compression, filtering and coloring. However, these processes required to a huge data processing so it has a problem under real time or movie.The huge data processing under real time requires spatial processing tools such as super parallel processing computers or spatial hardware systems. This paper introduces a mechanism of coloring gray scale image algorithm through dedicated hardware devices.The FPGA devices are used as a more suitable platform for image processing applications, special methods of parallelism and pipelining technique can be reconfigured and synthesized on FPGA categories

This study introduced the effect of using magnetic abrasive finishing method (MAF) for finishing flat
surfaces. The results of experiment allow considering the MAF method as a perspective for finishing flat
surfaces, forming optimum physical mechanical properties of surfaces layer, removing the defective layers
and decreasing the height of micro irregularities. Study the characteristics which permit judgment parameters of surface quality after MAF method then comparative with grinding.

Two dimensional turbulent natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow inside an air filled
inclined square enclosure differentially heated has been numerically studied. Fully elliptic Navier-
Stockes and energy equations are solved using finite volume method. The problem is simulated for
different angles of inclination ( 0 ≤θ ≤ 180deg. ) and Rayleigh numbers (108 ≤ Ra ≤ 1016 ). The
turbulence k-є model is used to model the effect of turbulence. The wall function approach is used
to model the regions near the walls of the enclosure. The obtained results from this study show that
the rate of heat transfer is increased with the increase of Rayleigh number and decreased with the
increase of angle of inclina

When industrial and  constructional renaissance started in the world, the great interest was going on towards the equipment’s,  which was the first mean for production. After industry was settled the interest was going on towards the men ship which manpower on which the production depends. It was approved that it represents the basic part in all of the processes and the protection of those individuals against dangers of these equipment’s, industry and its accidents was the basic things which was studied in many researches until it crystallized in general principles for all industries and other take care in each industry.

     The professional safety is concerned as restrict which

Mass transfer was examined at a stationary rectangular copper electrode (cathode) by using the reduction of cupric ions as the electrochemical reaction. The influence of electrolyte temperature (25, 45, and 65 ^oC), and cupric ions concentration (4, 8, and 12 mM) on mass transfer coefficient were investigated by using limiting current technique. The mass transfer coefficient and hence the Sherwood number was correlated as Sh =

The  use  of  blended  cement  in  concrete  provides economic, energy savings,  and ecological  benefits, and also  provides. Improvement in the properties of materials incorporating blended cements. The  major  aim  of  this  investigation  is  to  develop  blended  cement  technology using  grinded local rocks . The research includes information on constituent materials, manufacturing processes and performance characteristics of blended cements made with replacement (10 and 20) % of grinded local rocks (limestone, quartzite and porcelinite) from cement.

The main conclusion of this study was that all ty

Fractal geometry is receiving increase attention as a quantitative and qualitative model for natural phenomena description, which can establish an active classification technique when applied on satellite images. In this paper, a satellite image is used which was taken by Quick Bird that contains different visible classes. After pre-processing, this image passes through two stages: segmentation and classification. The segmentation carried out by hybrid two methods used to produce effective results; the two methods are Quadtree method that operated inside Horizontal-Vertical method. The hybrid method is segmented the image into two rectangular blocks, either horizontally or vertically depending on spectral uniformity crit

تم في هذا البحث دراسة تأثير حامض الكبريتيك بتراكيز 10% و %50% و 98% على الخصائص الجيوتكنيكية للتربة العربية الطينية التي تم جلبها من منطقة المسبب من خلال إضافة حامض الكبريتيك بالتراكير المبينة اعلاء بنسبة 200% إلى التربة مع أضافة ماء بنسب متغيرة ولفترات الصباح ۰ و ۳ و ۷ و ۱۵ ) يوم ، وتم دراسة تصرف التربة المرصوصة من خلال فحص الاحمام بأتجاه واحد. ووجد من خلال الدراسة أن تعرض التربة العرينية الطينية للتلوث بالحامض يؤدي

The effect of longitudinal vibration on the laminar forced convection heat transfer in a horizontal tube was studied in the present work. The flow investigated is an internal, laminar, incompressible, developing, steady and oscillatory flow. The vibration vector was parallel to the fluid flow direction. The boundary layer was studied in the entrance region for Prandtl numbers greater than one and the hydrodynamic boundary layer grows faster than thermal boundary layer. The governing equations which used were momentum equation in the axial direction, continuity and energy equation. The finite difference technique was introduced to transform the partial differential equations into algebraic equations and the later equations were solved usi