This study was devoted to determination of normal physical and
chemical values of 100 sample of Ovine and Caprine urine with
microscopically examination of urine samples sterilely collected
from sheep & goat slaughtered in Al-Shulla governmental slaughter
house between may and November 2004 as well as demonstration of
changes in these values in case of presence of microbes in urine .This
study illustrated no significant differences(P<0.05) of urine analysis
values between sheep & goat but these values significantly
changed(P<0.05)with the presence of microbes in urine and these
changes included opacity of urine, decrease of specific gravity &
increase of urine pH.
25 sample were positive

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of feeding feed
blocks (FB) enriched with different sources of protein on the performance of
Awassi ewes during late pregnancy, suckling and milking stages. Experiment
(1) was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding feed blocks enriched with
different sources of protein on the performance of Awassi ewes during late
pregnancy. Eighty pregnant Awassi ewes (mean live weight 09.91±0.31 Kg),
aged 3-5 years were allocated into four groups according to ewes’ live weight.
First group (T1) fed ordinary high energy FB (OFB) + straw (ad-libitum). The
second group (T2) fed FB enriched with cottonseed meal (FBCSM) + straw (adlibitum).
The third group (T3) fe

The present investigation is concerned with utilizing of two types of Single Cell Protein (SCP) designated, Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth for processing P1. And joint growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with lactic acid bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus for processing P2. T2 and T3 respectively, as a replacemente of commercial animal protein T1 . The nutritional performance for SCP was carried out via feeding trials of carp fingerling Cyprinus carpio L.
Values of fish weight rate for carp after 50 days of feeding triales started experiment were 1.15, 1.31, 1.34 gm. The fish growth rate were 0.425, 0.480, 0.500, gm .The averages of daily weight were 0.008, 0.009, 0.01gm/day , The absolute specific growth rates for fish were 0.92, 0.

This study was concerned with conduction of experiment for these
reason three groups of broiler chicks were used.
First group (which consisted of 15 chicks) was vaccinated with live
attenuated vaccine (laSota strain) at age 10, 20, 30 days by drinking
water. Second group (which consisted of 15 chicks) was infected
experimentally with H9N2 (AMR.ANT/IRAQ/2005) 108.6 LD50/0.1ml
at age 8 day then vaccinated with live attenuated vaccine (LaSota strain)
at age 10, 20, 30 days by drinking water .third group (which consisted of
10 chicks) was considered as a control group without vaccination.
Immune response in all chicks groups were estimated at age (40) days
depending on Heamagglutination test and ELISA. The first

This work aimed to study the pathological changes induced in the
urinary organs after infection with K.pneumoniae. Two laboratory female
animal species ,white rat&guinea pig ,were infected by two
routes,ascending (first group) and direct(intra renal-second group).
The infection was examined in different periods through the bacterial
culture of urine & kidney samples as well as the pathological changes
(gross&microscopic) were examined after post mortum.
The resultes of both groups showed a positive bacteriologic culture of
the urine & kidney samples concomitant with the gross and
histopathological changes of the kidneys which revealed different degrees
of inflammation between the two groups a

A total of 24 samples of three different kinds of locally produced soft
cheese manufactured from raw milk of Cows , Buffaloes and Ewes
( 8 samples of each) were collected at weekly intervals from different
areas of Baghdad city in the period from the beginning of December
2007 till the end of January 2008.
The main objective of this study was to isolats , identify and
enumerate Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli O157from locally produced soft
cheese , besides that , to study the effect of cheese storage temperature
(4 C) and different salt concentration solutions on the viability and
survival of E.coli O157 in stored cheese .
Data demonstrate that 11 out 24 of samples 45.84% were found to
have Enterohaemorrhagic E

Isolated tracheal smooth muscle of sheep, which is pharmacologically
precontracted by acetylcholine, induces relaxation when exposed to Cordia
myxa plant extract. The aim of the present study was to typify the mechanism of
Cordia myxa extract induced by relaxation in the sheep trachea. 1. Cordia myxa
extract relaxed both epithelium-intact and denuded sheep trachea rings
contracted by acetylcholine. The scale of relaxation on Cordia myxa extract was
dependent on the treated dose and slightly greatly in epithelium denuded rings
than in epithelium-intact preparations. 2. L-NAME (10 nM-100 uM) but not DNAME
completely inhibited the relaxation in a concentration dependent
manner. 3. The Cordia myxa extract -induced

IIn tthe prresentt rresearrch,, tthe patthollogiicall effffectt off CdCll2 rresiidue sttudy was
done on whiitte malle rrabbiitts.. 42 whiitte malle rrabbiitts werre rrandomlly diiviided iintto 2
grroups :: 1stt grroup iinclluded 30rrabbiitts werre giiven CdCll2 13 Mg // kg // day fforr 12
weeks viia drriinkiing watterr ..2nd grroup iinclluded 12rrabbiitts ffed on norrmall rrabbiitt diiett
..The ffollllowiing parrametterrs werre obserrved on tthe above grroups::
1-- Clliiniicall siigns:: Trreatted rrabbiitts showed,, vomiittiing and blloody diiarrrrhea ..
2-- Resiiduall iinvesttiigattiion on lliiverr and kiidney :: CdCll2 rresiidue prresentt morre
siigniiffiicantt iin lliiverr and kiidney mosttlly att 8 and 12 weeks :

This study was carried out to explore the effect of Aloe Vera leaf
gel in promoting wound healing and to investigate the
antibacterial effect against some pathogenic bacteria in comparison
with Nigella sativa oil. Standard dilutions of Aloe Vera leaf gel were
made from ten to one hundred percent and its antibacterial effect
had been examined in seeded agar method against Staphylococcus
aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa both were previously identified
by laboratory and biochemical methods, Nigella Sativa oil which is
known to be one of the important medicinal plant was used for
comparison . Statistical analysis showed a significant difference
(P<0.05) between AVG and Nigella Sativa oil.
The effect of Al

To induce copper deficiency in sheep (15)Awasi ewes from the college of
Veterinary Medicine flock were used. The ewes during the preparation
period (18 weeks) were fed on balanced concentrated diet contained (5.2)
mg/day copper in addition of the green food.
The ewes were randomly divided into three equal groups for the
experimental period (18 weeks). Another balanced concentrated diet with low
level of copper (2.6) mg/day was used to feed the primary deficiency group
while the secondary copper deficiency group fed on the same concentrate used in
the preparation period. The protein ratio and energy level were considered.
The secondary deficiency group received an oral mixture of ammonium
molybdate (100) mg w

This study has been conducted to study the effect of feed withdrawal and adding dried bakery yeast on pH and some microbial indicators which includes Total Bacterial Count (TBC) ,Coliform Count (CC) , Fungi Count (FC) and Lactobacilli Count (LC) in the gastro -intestinal tract of 45 marketed broiler chickens at 8 weeks of age .The birds randomly distributed into three treatments and each treatment to three replicates (15 birds per replicate ) which were: un -treated control (T₁) , broiler chickens subjected to feed withdrawal 8 hrs. before slautered (T₂) , broiler chickens fed a diet contained 1% of dried bakery yeast three days before subjected to feed withdrawal 8 hrs. before slautered (T₃ ) . The data

The main objective of this study was to determine what effect the addition
of sodium fluoride would have on the Cheddar cheese quality. Raw milk was
pasteurized and separated for three treatments as follows: control, supplemented
with 4 ppm and 40 ppm fluoride. Cheddar cheese was processed for each
treatment and ripened for 120 days at 7oC and sampled at 60 and 120 days.
Analyses performed included both sensory evaluation and gas chromatography
with headspace sampling (GCHS). Under conditions of this study significant
P< 0.05 higher mean flavor and body/texture scores were observed in both the
control cheese samples and those with 4 ppm added fluoride than those with 40
ppm added fluorides.
The predominan

This study was carried out to determine the feasibility of dry poultry manure (DPM) as a feed stuff. Three types of DPM were studied: 1- layer litter manure, 2- caged layer manure, 3- processed caged layer manure. Three hundred fifty one-day old broiler chicks were allocated at random into seven dietary treatments, chicks in T1 (control) were fed on ‘starter and finisher commercial diets. Chicks in T2 and 13 were fed diets supplemented with 5% and 10% layer litter manure, respectively. Chicks in T4 and T5 were fed dies contained 5% and 10% caged layer manure, respectively, while chicks in T6 and T7 were fed diets contain 5% and 10% processed caged layer manure, respectively. Body weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the

Spores of Bacillus subtilis HU1 suspended in whole milk and /or distilled water subjected to high and ultrahigh temperatures ranging from 85 to 14°C. Resulting survivor and thermal death time (TDT) curves were shown to be non-linear for all temperatures investigated; convex survivor curves at most heating temperatures were observed. TDT curves observed in all studies were concave and biphasic. The z-value using milk as the menstruum were 57°C for heating temperatures of 121-140°C, and 20°C, for heating temperatures of 110-121°C. Distilled water as the menstruum yielded z-values of 58°C and 16°C for heating temperatures of 120-140°C and 110-121°C respectively.

Unilateral. thoracotomy was performed in twenty nine donkeys and twenty five horses aged 4-10 years without an ‘aid of positive ‘respirator. Surgical pneumothorax did not endanger the life of patient. Eighteen horses and twenty four donkeys became clinically “normal and the wounds were completely healed within 30 days, however, two horses .dies due to pleurisy. Five horses and five donkeys were killed and subjected to anatomical studies to find out if .there is a communication between the plural sacs or if the mediastinum is not strong enough to resist pressure. Observations indicate that there is no communication between the two plural sacs and that the mediastinum is strong enough to resist the difference in the pressure of the p

Cheddar cheese was made from milk which had been inoculated with psychrotrophs 48hr.. prior to pasteurization. This was compared to ‘control cheese. The cheese was stored at 7 °C and evaluated at 0, 5, 30, 60 and 180 days. ‘All cheese made with psychrotroph-treated milk had significant lower flavor score than control cheese. The predominant flavors of the 180 day-treated cheese were bitter and unclean. High performance. liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated significant increases of citric, pyruvic, lactic, formic, acetic and propionic acids with ‘aging of Cheddar cheese. Only orotic acid decreased with aging. The control cheese had lower values than the treated cheese for pyruvic, lactic and formic acids. The control che

Parathyroid gland of ten adult one-humped came] has been collected from the slaughter house. Glands have been fixed sectioned and stained by several procedures. The gland measured 1.2 cm in length, 0.4 cm in width and 0.25 cm thick. It differs in position from left to right side due to displacement of thyroid gland. The gland consisted of aggregate of cells arranged as solid masses, clusters, cords or strands. The parenchyma of the gland appeared with different cell density. Four cell type has been distinguished, viz., light as well as dark chief cells, oxyphils and syncytial cells.

Naturally infected large intestine of 16 mules were collected during one year period. All three species of Strongylus were identified: S.vulgaris, S.equinus and S.edentatus. Specimens were processed for standard histological examination. The effect of the parasite on the wall of the intestine ‘included the _ surface epithelium, glandular tissue, muscularis mucosa and part of the submucosa. Changes on the intestinal wall were observed at the site of the parasitic attachement, which included oedema, cellular infilteration with congestion and haemorrhages.

Blood serum samples were obtained from ten normal nonpregnant ewes at mid January and mid August. The level of acetylcholine estrease (ChE). enzyme activity was estimated colorimetrically while the values of glutamete-oxaloacetate transaminase (COT), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and alkaline Phosphatease (A Ph) were estimated by an autoanalyzer. The results indicated significant depression in the normal values of ChE, GOT and GPT in summer season.

A synthetic prostaglandin F2 α(PGF₂  α) analogue, luprostiol^* , was used in treatment of clinically anoestrus Arabian mares that suffered from abnormal persisting luteal function. Thirty two anoestrus mares were selected for this study after careful examination of their breeding history and a thorough genital examination which included rectal palpation of the genital tract and ovaries. The genital examination also included a vaginoscopy of the vagina and cervix. These mares were diagnosed as clinically anoestrus during the spring and summer months breeding season and received a single intramuscular injection of the prostaglandin F2 α. Twenty six mares (81%) responded to the treatment and came to oestrus with

Hematological values for sixty clinically normal Arabian bred race horses of both sexes were estimated.Red cell ,count, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean ‘corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, white cell count, differential leukocytic count, total serum protein, albumin and globulin were determined by using several laboratory techniques. It appeared that the total serum protein and globulin were significantly higher in the stallions than those in mares (P < 0.05) whereas the results of other hemaltological parameters were comparable and the mean values did not show significant differences (P > 0.05).

The effects of single cell protein (SCP) were studied in Al-Awassi lambs in Iraq. Four groups of lambs received 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of (SCP) as a replacer for a soybean. The influence of (SCP) on the performance and carcass data of lambs and their blood pictures were studied. The total uric acid, blood urea and the histopathological changes were also investigated. The results - showed” that ‘there were no significant (P>0.05) differences ‘among the initial, slaughtered, total weights gained and chilled carcass weights. The wholesale cuts showed. no significant (P>0.05) differences. The eye rib area, fat  thickness of. longissmus doris muscle, average percentage of organs and offal dressing percentage (calculated in live

The present study was intended to evaluate the prophylactic effects of two anticoccidial drugs (monensin and amprolium) on experiinental infection with Eimeria tenella in chickens. Twenty one day-old chicks were used, they were divided in two main groups (floor and battery brooders rearing) with 112 chicks for each group. Each group was subdivided into four subgroups represent, control, infected nontreated, treated ‘with monensin and treated with amprolium. Monensin was given at rate of 100 ppm in ration while amprolium was given at a rate of 125 ppm in drinking water. The birds were infected with 50.000 sporulated oocystes/bird at 25 days of age injected directly into the crop. The following parameters were used to evaluate the drugs;

This study was performed to investigate the effect of lead exposure on resistance of mice immunized against haemorrhagic septicaemia and challenged with virulent organisms. Lead treated mice showed greater susceptibility to challenge with P. multucida than control especially if lead nitrate is administered orally. this result showed that treatment with lead initials resistance of mice and might interferes with the vaccination programs. Cadmium chloride (cd) injected into rabbits at various time intervals in relation to tetanus toxoid injection was found to have some effect on the immune response. A reduction in the primary immune response was detected in case if (cd) is given two weeks prior to toxoid injection. On the oth

This experiment was conducted to compare and estimate the fertilizing capacity of native with New Hampshire chicken semen. Also to study the effect. Of different levels of semen dosage on fertility percentage, duration’ of fertility and duration of fertilizing ability. In this experiment (12) native and (12) N.H. male chicken with (240) Hisex laying hens have been used. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were no significant (P>0.05) differences between the native and N.H. male chickens for the fertilizing capacity. fertilizing percentage in duration of fertility and fertility duration. The values were 90.40, 90.73%; 85.77, 85.60%; 12.11, 12.3 days for native and N.H. chickens, respectively. There were no signi

Sers. from 525 Arabian horses were tested for the presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the indirect haemagglutination test. Of these sera, 39(7.43%) were positive. Thirty eight (8.15%) of seropositive animals were horses of two to 13 years of age and only one of the yearlings (1.5 year old) was seropositive. Twenty six of males (6.57%) and 13 cf females (10.08%) were seropositive. There was no significant (P)0.05) difference in the prevalence of toxoplasmosis between males and females.

Cyclopia is a congenital defect in which the two orkits merge to form a single cavity containing one eye, which is likely to show more or less evidence of its origin by fusion of the right and left optic primordia. It is usually combined with cyclencephaly. It is usually described as synophthalmus.

Twenty one male goats 3-4 months of age were exposed to five metacercariae per kg. of body weight of two isolates of Fasciola gigantica obtained from sheep and buffalo. Eosinophilia was mostly marked after prepatency in goats infected with sheep isolate.

A group of 15 Awasi ewes were inserted with intravaginal sponges of Veramix plus which were removed thirteen days later. Immediately after removal of the sponges, they were injected with 500 IU of FSH intramuscularly. All ewes were came to estrus within 2-3 days after injection. They were serviced, then, after completing a successful pregnancy, all ewes had twin lambs. : This trial indicates the success of estrus synchronization in ewes.

The estrous cycle of 8 Arabian mares was followed for one year, by visual observation of the estrous behaviour and by teasing with a stallion. Serum progesterone concentration was determined by RIA, Vaginal electric resistence was studied with aid of Ovascan, comapared with the changes in the reproductive tract as determined by rectal examination for prediction of ovulation. The changes in the reproductive tract and the behavioural manifestations expressed during the cycle indicated that the experimental mares were exhibiting estrous year arround, however, 75% of the cycles were observed during the months from March to August and 25% during the. rest of the year. The total number of cycles exhibited by the mares averaged 68 cycles, of th