Collagen hydrolysates were obtained from catfish skin collagen hydrolysis using catfish collagenase, pepsin and trypsin individually and mixed for 15-300min. The degree of hydrolysis , antioxidant activity based on, DPPH radical-scavenging activity (RSA), and reducing power (RP) for all obtained hydro lysates were studied , then the collagenase hydrolysate was (CH)  was selected to be evaluated for  antibacterial activity , functional properties including solubility, emulsification and foaming  properties besides the toxicity  . The highest values for RSA (72.5%) has been noticed when DH reached (24.30%) after 30 min. of hydrolysis by collagenase (CH). The water and oil holding capacities for this hydro l

The agricultural sector consumes about 84% of the total actual water consumption annually in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, therefore, the research depends on questionnaire data that was judged before being used in the study of a random sample of 355 farms from Al-Ahsa Oasis which irrigated with two types of water (groundwater, triple-treated wastewater) to measure the economic impact of the using of triple-treated wastewater in irrigating palm and lemon crops, the results indicated a statistically significant correlation between the extent of farmers'  which using of triple treated wastewater in irrigation and all of: size of the tenure, family size and the educational level of the farmer. While the relationship was negative with

Root diseases are one of the main forest nursery problems that have a significant impact on forest production which are caused by Fusarium solani. Rhizobacteria from healthy forest soils were isolated and screened in streak method to select antagonistic strains against F. solani. Two isolates showed high antagonistic activity and molecularly identified as Paenibacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. The capability of the Paenibacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were tested in greenhouse plastic containers experiments against F. solani. Soil bacterization with Paenibacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. significantly protected thuja seedlings from F. solani

Early pregnancy detection is vital for properly managing livestock farms by re-inseminating nonpregnant females and minimizing the calving intervals. The present investigation was executed to compare a rapid test (Dairy Cow Pregnancy Test from Span Biotech Ltd. Shenzhen, China) with a commercial bPAG ELISA test (IDEXX®) for pregnancy diagnosis in non-descriptive cows. The study also aimed to elucidate if the rapid test could be an alternative method to ELISA in the field. Blood and urine samples were collected from 43 cows to measure the concentrations of bovine pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (bPAGs) in the blood samples and detect progesterone via the rapid test in the urine samples. Examining the genital tracts was achieve

A trial was conducted to study the effects of probiotic (Miaclost) supplement on experimentally induced hypocalcemic rickets in broiler chicks, a total of 180 one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly divided into three equal groups 60 chicks per group with 3 replicates (20 birds /replicate) the dietary treatments consisted of a normal ration for G1, calcium-deficient ration 5% for G2 and calcium-deficient ration with addition of probiotics in drinking water for G3.Initial signs of rickets have been observed at 35-day of age in G2.while, in G1 and G3 no clinical signs observed, the gross lesions appeared enlargement of parathyroid gland, costochondral junction and increase in the width

The estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) plays a crucial role in the growth and development of follicles and ovulation in chickens. The aim of this study was detect the association of estrogen receptor 2(ESR2) gene polymorphisms with the production performance of brown local Iraqi chicken. A total of 104 hens from the F4th generation of local chicken selected for high egg yield were used. The novel SNP(G40100A) transition within third prime untranslated region (3 prime UTR) of ESR2 gene. Three genotypes were found: Wild(GG), Heterozygous(GA), and Homozygous(AA) through (PCR-DAN sequencing). Chi-square analysis showed no significant  in genotypic and allelic frequencies for SNP which were agreement with Hardy-Weinberg

The study area was located in the North of Iraq. Five sites were selected that have formed from the limestone parent material. One pedon dug in each site and was divided into a number of horizons. Thirty-five soil samples were collected for physical and chemical analyses. The climate of study sites were similar to the Mediterranean Sea climate which is hot dry in summer and cool humid in winter. The mean of annual precipitation, varies from one site to another. Studied soils classified as Mollisols, Inceptisols, Vertisols, and Aridisols. Study soils were relatively high clay content and its content at the surface horizons is lower than it at subsurface horizons, and soil texture was ranged between clayey to loamy, the high value

Determination of soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) in lab is cumbersome, time consuming, and costly. Accordingly, this article attempted to formulate pedotransfer functions for predicting it using some soil physical and chemical properties e.g., sand (SA), silt (SI), clay (CL), organic matter (OM) and calcium carbonate (CC). This research included four steps: preparing soil database; selecting independent variables which are related to CEC value; formulating models using NCSS 12.0.2 software, and the last step is to achieve specific objective of the research which is the comparsion among models by a series of efficiency criteria: root mean square error (RMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (EF), average absolute p

This study was aimed to evaluation the yield stability of twenty bread wheat genotypes that cultivated at two locations (fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences of Duhok and Zenawa district) during the 2019 - 2020 with two planting dates in each location using randomized complete block design with three replications. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that the mean square for each of the environments, genotypes and their interactions were highly significant for all studied traits, and the variations due to the environments were greater than those of each of the genotypes and the interactions for most of the studied traits. The values ​​of broad sense he

This study has been carried out at the Biotechnology Lab., Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University during the growing season 2019 - 2020, in order to detect the variations of SOS, HVNHX and SDO genes in different barley genotypes.  Clear variations in the SOS, HVNHX and SDO genes, which are responsible for salinity tolerance were found among the investigated genotypes. It has been found that the variation in the amplicon size between loci per gene was very high in some cases, while there was a high degree of symmetry in other cases, and could be easily distinguished on 2% Agarose gel. The PCR results for the SOS genes (SOS1, SOS2, SOS3), HVNHX genes (HVNHX1, HVNHX2, HVNHX3) and SDO genes (Cu/Zn

This study was conducted to investigate Babesia parasites infecting sheep in eight districts of Sulaimani governorate/north Iraq from April to October 2017. Forty flocks of small ruminants were selected to collect blood samples randomly from 450 sheep. The samples were examined for babesiosis by microscopic examination and PCR. Primers based on the 18S rRNA were used for Babesia diagnosis, followed by sequencing of the amplicons for confirmation of the PCR product identities. Seventy-four samples (16.44%) showed the presence of Babesia piroplasms microscopically, while 116 (25.78%) samples were positive using PCR. Results showed that B. ovis was reported in 15.78% (n = 71), and B. motasi

Twenty one Awassi lambs (4 month old and 23.59 ± 031 kg body weight) were used to investigate the effect of different levels of protein on growth, carcass traits, body composition, digestibility and some blood parameters. The lambs were divided equally and randomly and penned individually into three treatment groups, and fed ad lib on low protein (129.1 T₁) medium protein (140.6 T₂) and high protein (151.1 T₃, g/kg DM). After 72 days of fattening, 5 lambs from each treatment were chosen randomly and slaughtered. The result showed that lambs fed on T₃ diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher daily gain (210.83 g), better feed efficiency (4.8 kg/kg), higher dressing percentage (51.67 %)

This study was aimed to estimate the effect of essential oil extracted from callus of Lavandula angustifolia leaves as antioxidant and cytotoxic activity (in vitro). Different concentrations of essentail oil were selected, including 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100  µg/ml in determining antioxidant activity by using Free radical 1,1 Dyphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The results showed the efficacy of essentail oil as an antioxidant and the highest effect at 100 µg/ml reaching 97% and 87% at 80 µg/ml respectively. Different concentrations of essential  oil ( 12.5, 25, 50,75 and 100) µg/ml wer

The estrogen receptor 1(ESR1) and fork-head box L2 (FOX L2) genes play a pivotal role in regulation of egg formation in poultry. this study aimed to investigate interaction between ESR1 and FOXL2 in the productive performance of brown local Iraqi chickens (BLIC). A total of 104 BLIC represented from the F4th generation of local chicken selected for high egg productions were used. Two novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), one of them in ESR1 (T57198C) intron 3, and another of FOX L2 (C919T) gene within encoding region were identified through PCR-DNA sequencing. Six haplotypes (H1=TTCC, H2=TTCT, H3=TCCC, H4=TCCT, H5=CCCC, H6=CCCT) were obtained due to interaction between these two SNPs. Chi-square analysis showed no signific

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of different level of energy on growth, carcass traits, body composition, digestibility and some blood parameters. Twenty one Awassi lambs (4 month old and 23 kg body weight) were used and after 10 days of adaptation, the lambs were divided equally and randomly and penned individually into three treatment groups, and fed ad lib on low (10.8 T₁) medium (11.6 T₂) and high (12.3 T₃ MJ/kg DM). After 72 days of fattening, 5 lambs from each treatment were chosen and slaughtered. Results revealed that lambs of T₃ had numerically higher daily gain (189.72 g), lower dry matter intake (849.46 g), higher feed efficiency (4.7), higher dressing

A field experiment was conducted at the experimental fields in the collage of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Iraq during the period from mid. March 2019 to to end of July 2020. The main objective was to find out the effect of humic acid (H_A) concentration (0, 1, 2 and 3 cm³.L^-1) and three stages of foliar application (vegetative, growth, flowers buds emergence and 50% flowering) on seeds yield and its components of alfalfa local variety. Layout of the experiment was R.C.B.D arranged in split-plot, with three replications. Foliar application stages were used as main-plots, while humic acid concentrations were used as sub-plots. Results showed that spraying of H_A

This study aims to estimate critical concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in the soil which negatively affect growth of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. seedlings, and to estimate some phytoextraction parameters for heavy metals (HM) from the soil to evaluate efficiency of seedlings in their potential use in phytotechnology to improve the environment with phytoremediation. Eucalyptus seedlings were treated with Cd concentrations 0, 25, 55, 85, and 110 mg kg^-1 dry soil as CdCl₂, and Pb concentrations 0, 125, 250, 450, and 550 mg kg^-1 dry soil as PbCl₂, and the experiment was designed using the completely randomized design (CRD) as a two-factor factorial experiments and the data we

In the current study, four types of plants commonly used namely Soybean, chickpea, bean, pea were obtained and screened for urease activity, among this plants, chickpea was chosen with maximum enzymatic activity, and it had the highest productivity of urease enzyme (1243 U/mg protein). Also sodium acetate buffer (0.2 M, pH 5.0) was chosen as a best extraction buffer with specific activity 1460 U/mg protein. The optimum extraction ratio represented by 1:8 (w:v) after 15 min, it was given 1988 U/mg protein. As well as four types of plants include garlic, red onion, green onion and cabbage were used to select the optimum plant material that inhibited urease enzyme. Cabbage was chosen, it had the highest inhibition activity of the en

Agriculture is the most important and most dependent economic activity and influenced by climatic conditions as the climate elements represented by solar radiation, temperature, wind and relative humidity. Therefore, is necessary that analyze and understand the relationship between climate and agriculture. The aim of this study to assessment the relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for three regions of Diyala Governorate in Iraq (Al Muqdadya, Baladrooz, and Baquba) by through using of remote sensing techniques and geographic information system (GIS).The Normalized difference vegetation index NDVI and land surface temperature (LST) were used in two of the Landsat-5 E

The current study focused on producing gelatin from ostrich bone and analyzing its chemical composition. It also studied the physical, chemical, and functional properties. The results indicated that gelatin contained protein, ash, and moisture in percentages of 82.13%, 3.32%, and 14.54%, respectively. Additionally, the gelatin had a high concentration of amino acids, as determined by amino acid analysis. The functional properties of the gelatin were identified using FTIR spectroscopy. The gelatin exhibited a gel strength of 259 g, which falls within the higher gel strength range of 200-300g. Furthermore, gelatin displayed positive values for dl (lighter/darker), da (redder/greener), and db (yellower/bluer). This indicated it had

This study aimed to estimate soil erodibility in the middle of Erbil province. The results of indirect methods were compared with the observed K-factor in order to determine the most suitable method. The tests were carried out for nine soil locations by taking samples from topsoil. Samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties. The soil in study area is mostly clay and silt clay. The analysis was performed using three assessment models of soil erodibility; the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC), Vaezi et al and Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) models. Soil erodibility for direct measured K values varied from 0.27 to 0.39 t h MJ⁻¹mm⁻¹ with standard deviation of 0.041

Two field and storage experiments were conducted at a Research Station affiliated with the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad during the 2023 and 2024 season. To investigate the effect of cobalt chloride at three concentrations 0, 5, and 15 mg. L^-1 (C0, C1, C2) and silica gold at four concentrations 0, 5, 10, and 15 ml.L^-1 (Si0, Si1, Si2, Si3) to increase tubers production and quality and raise the storage capacity of industrial potato hybrid Hermes as factorial experiment  within R.C.B.D. with three replicates. The storage experiment was conducted in the refrigerated warehouse belongs to private sector, following the same design of field experiment, the results reveale

This study was conducted during 2022 in a private vineyard located in Chwarta town northeastern Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region-Iraq, the vineyard was rain-fed cultivation. This research was aimed to investigate the effect of tipping, foliar application of proline (0, 100, and 200 mg.L^-1), botminn plus (0, 3, and 6 ml.L^-1) and their interaction on vegetative growth parameters, and some leave mineral content. The results showed practicing grapevine's shoot tipping significantly increased single leaf areas, leaf’s chlorophyll content, lateral shoot number, N, P, and K%, except proline content. The foliar application of proline especially at (200 mg.L^-1) significantly increased all study characteris

The Staphylococcus aureus is a ubiquitous Gram-positive bacterium, which may resident in various parts of body as a nqiormal flora, but this bacterium can also cause community and nosocomial infections, which enhanced by different virulence factors. Hence, the goal of the recent work is isolation and identification of S. aureus form different sources and investigate the capability of these isolates to synthase microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMs). For achieving this aim, a total of 326 samples were obtained from various clinical sources, including wounds, blood, acne, skin, vagina and gum. Among these samples, only 100 isolates were confirmed as S. aureus, after s

The current study aimed to study the effects of feeding olive leaves (OL) on milk yield, milk composition, body weight, and blood parameters of lactating Awassi ewes. Thirty-six newly lambed ewes and their single lambs were distributed at random and assigned to one of three diets: 0% OL (CON), 15% OL (OL15), and 30% OL (OL30) to replace the forage source in sheep's diets. The first seven days of the 56-day experiment were dedicated to adaptation, with the remaining 49 days dedicated to the collection of data. Dry matter (DM) intake was greater (p = 0.014) in the OL15 and OL30 groups compared with the CON group. Crude protein and ether extract intake was also the highest in the OL30 group (p=0.0172) followed by the OL15 group and

This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of the combination of Leucaena and Indigofera in swamp grass-based rations on the quality or quantity of feed produced. The research was carried out based on a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of four treatments and four replications. The types of forage used include termite Bento grass (Leersia hexandra) from swamp land; legumes Leucaena and Indigofera. The treatments consisted of A = swamp grass and concentrate (70%:30%), B = swamp grass, Leucaena and concentrate (40%:30%:30%), C = swamp grass, Indigofera and concentrate (40%:30%:30%), D = swamp grass, Leucaena, Indigofera and concentrate (40%:15%:15%:30%). The observed variables consisted of dry matter di

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different feeding levels (0%, 25%, and 50%) of alfalfa pellet ration (APR) (47% alfalfa) on the main carcass cuts Physico-chemical traits of Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). A total of 270 one-day-old ducklings were used. The birds at seven-day-old were assigned to 9 indoor pens of (2.2×1m) with outdoor and swimming pool (9.8×1m). Each pen represented an indoor replicate with 30 ducklings. The feeding program for Pekin Duck group treatments with (APR) (47% alfalfa) was used as a replacement to the basal diet at different percentages (0%, 25%, and 50%) for control (T0), first (T1) and

This study investigated supplementing dried rosemary leaves to the diet of some semen, as well as blood biochemical traits in Holstein bulls. The eight bulls were divided equally into two groups (4bull/group). Bulls' in the first group were fed a diet without additives (control group). The bulls in the second group were fed a diet supplemented with 250mg rosemary per bull daily for 12 weeks, preceded by a two-week preliminary period. We detected some of the rosemary's active components. The semen was collected and evaluated weekly for 12 weeks. The serum concentrations of glucose, urea, aspartate, and alanine transaminase were determined. The active components analysis of rosemary revealed it contains phenolics (Gallic acid), fla

The study looked at what happened to the weeds growth in the field when different types of sunflowers released root exudates grown in the summer of 2023. The goal was to determine if sunflower types' allelopathic potential affects weed growth and number. The results showed that after 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of cultivation, the Flamme cultivar did better than the Sakha, Aqmar, and Abba5 cultivars in reducing the number of weeds and their dry weight. The weed density dropped by 60%, 46%, 38%, and 35% compared to the control treatment, and the weeds' dry weight dropped by 61%, 66%, 62%, and 53% compared to the control treatment,

The present study was carried out to investigate immunopathological effect of foot and mouth disease vaccine against nosocomial infections, to achieve this goal different samples obtained from urine of hospitalized patient, the isolated bacteria were identified by cultural examination,  biochemical tests PCR. Twenty-four  mice were divided equally into three groups. The 1^st  group 8 mice  were immunized I/M with 0.1 ml of FMD vaccine, two dose with 14 days intervals, 2^nd group 8 mice was inoculated I/P with 0.5 from 3x10⁸ CFU/ml while 3^rd  group was inoculated 0.2 ml of phosphate buffer saline and served as control negative. At