This study aimed to estimate the stochastic frontier production function and the inefficiency function and technical efficiency of potato production by using cross-section data collected from 173 potato farms that were randomly selected in Baghdad province/ Yusifiyah for production season 2016. The results showed that 90.6% of inefficiency in production was due to technical inefficiency. Also, there was a significant relationship between the variables of inefficiency function and the inefficiency of farms. The values of the parameters of the stochastic frontier production function were positive and significant for both human work hours and the amount of seeds. However, the parameter of DAP fertilizer was negative and significant.

The following study was carried out to investigate gene expressions of the CASPASE 9 gene and CASPASE 9 protein with the development of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in Iraq. The differences in the expression of this gene between patients and healthy controls were included. The correlation of age and gender with CML occurrence comparing with controls was studied. Results showed significant increases in the mean of gene expression level (ΔCt) of patient groups compared to the corresponding ΔCt means in control group, also the gene expression folding (2^-∆∆Ct) of  CASPASE 9  gene  reflect significant differences in the expression showed the highest level in CML patients which reached to (16.19), the

Sida is a pantropical weed that can be annual or perennial. Several species have been identified in Indonesia. Sida cordifolia, S. rhombifolia, S. alnifolia, S. rhomboidea, S. acuta, S. glutinosa, and S. mysorensis were chosen for this study because they are representative of the species that are extensively spread in Indonesia. This study aims to update taxonomic information on the Sida genus in Indonesia. A phenogram was created using the data that was derived from the scoring of 70 morphological features. At PAST, the phenogram was created using cluster analysis, and Principal Cluster Analysis was used to determine the reason for clustering. The first cluster shows the separ

This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting reproductive traits using records collected during two calving seasons (2016-2017) and (2017-2018) from three herds of dairy cattle bred at Erbil-Iraq, and includes 323 lactation period (LP), 159 age at first calving (AFC) and 159 calving interval (CI). GLM within SAS used to diagnose the significance effects of the available factors affecting the studied traits. Repeatability of LP also estimated. Overall mean of LP, AFC and CI for the three breeds in all herds were 300.14 days, 27.709 months, and 360.26 days respectively. Simmental recorded significantly (p<0.01) higher LP (302.95 days) comparing with Friesian (296.81 days) and Bokane (293.24 days). Diffe

This experiment aimed to improve the qualitative traits and stimulate the accumulation of antioxidants  in potato plants under environmentally sustainable agricultural practices. A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2023 at the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) within  split-plot arrangement with two factors and three replications (2 × 6 × 3). The first factor involved the application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs) at concentrations of 0 and 10 ml·L⁻¹, denoted as (T₀) and (T₁), respectively. The second factor included six treatments as follows: natural irrigation (I), prolong

The current study was conducted in two different sites , these, sites S1 and S2 were  located before and After Al- Kut Barrier respectively at Tigris River middle of Iraq. This study focused on evaluation the effect of  lead Pb and  cadmium Cd on Guttan, Luciobarbus xanthopterus for the period from January to September 2021. Monthly, some of water qualities were measured. The values for Water temperature ranged between 6.2 to 20.6 ºC , DO₂ were recorded values between 11.16  to 6.12 mg /l. , BOD₅ values were showed values between 1.03 to 3.42, water turbidity values of 11.7 to 72.4 NTU, The pH water values were ranged between 6.4 to 7.7 at  sites S1 and S2 respectively. Lea

This study was aimed to determine the effect of mixed herbs and humic acid supplementation on the physiological status, haematological, and biochemical values of local goats in Indonesia. Twenty-four local goats 7-8 months old, were divided into four groups of six goats each. T0: herbs without humic acid, T1: herbs with 2-gram humic acid/goat T2: herbs and 4-gram humic acid/goat; T3: herbs and 6-gram humic acid/goat. The goats were fed grass and fermented oil palm. The result found that Orthogonal contrasts detect (P< 0.001) a significant influence of humic acid addition on respiration and heart rate, as well as HTC, with the amount of addition varying considerably during the 12.00 observation. There are no alterations in eryt

A comparative study was conducted to detect blood metabolic biomarkers of show and racehorse stallions in Iraq. Five stallions were selected for each, and blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture twice a time, fourteen days apart. Amino, fatty, carboxylic, and non-esterified fatty acids were investigated. Some hematological and biochemical attributes were also studied for show and racing stallions. All essential amino acids (except for threonine), non-essential amino acids (except for glutamine, glycine, and isoleucine), white blood cell (WBCs) count, granulosa (GR) percentage, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were higher (P≤0.05) in racing compared to the show stallions. On the other hand, more significant

This study investigated supplementing dried rosemary leaves to the diet of some semen, as well as blood biochemical traits in Holstein bulls. The eight bulls were divided equally into two groups (4bull/group). Bulls' in the first group were fed a diet without additives (control group). The bulls in the second group were fed a diet supplemented with 250mg rosemary per bull daily for 12 weeks, preceded by a two-week preliminary period. We detected some of the rosemary's active components. The semen was collected and evaluated weekly for 12 weeks. The serum concentrations of glucose, urea, aspartate, and alanine transaminase were determined. The active components analysis of rosemary revealed it contains phenolics (Gallic acid), fla

This study was aimed to find a hopeful antibacterial product from Streptomyces spp. acts against colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from different clinical samples. Among 46 K. pneumoniae isolates, 4 (8.7%) isolates represented Colistin resistance using the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration. Out of 20 soil samples collected from different gardens at Essaouira city, 18 Streptomyces spp. were isolated and identified. The bioactivity of each Streptomyces isolate was checked against antibiotic-resistant pneumococci. The result showed that only six isolates had high antibacterial activity, 3

The aim of the study was investigate the occurrence of multidrug resistance efflux pumps genes in local clinical isolates of Salmonella sp and try to apply efflux inhibitor for phenotypic detection besides their possibly future therapeutic uses to retain the activity of some frequently used antibiotics. Among 114 bacterial specimens obtained from several hospitals in Baghdad city only 67 isolates were diagnosed to Salmonella typhi according to conventional and molecular methods. The disk diffusion (Kirby Bauer) method was adopted to assess the antibiotic susceptibility of S. typhi isolates, and the results revealed variable rates of resistance to various antibiotics. While Gentamicin are the most effect

This study was conducted during 2022 in a private vineyard located in Chwarta town northeastern Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region-Iraq, the vineyard was rain-fed cultivation. This research was aimed to investigate the effect of tipping, foliar application of proline (0, 100, and 200 mg.L^-1), botminn plus (0, 3, and 6 ml.L^-1) and their interaction on vegetative growth parameters, and some leave mineral content. The results showed practicing grapevine's shoot tipping significantly increased single leaf areas, leaf’s chlorophyll content, lateral shoot number, N, P, and K%, except proline content. The foliar application of proline especially at (200 mg.L^-1) significantly increased all study characteris

The Maintaining the temperature system for fuel diesel engine by mathematical modeling. Thermal control of fuel with objective of this research, Peltier thermal application and paraffin-based thermal batteries. A fuel system thermometer is assembled in the diesel engine and thermal controller. A thermal model for thermal control of fuel has been developed in the diesel engine. Mathematical model is a system of differential equations. The use of controller for thermal control system of fuel and engine oil depending on the software obtained by approximating the graphical solution of the system allow to maintain the temperature with a error of ± 3 ° C for fuel and engine oil, which corresponds to the values ​​obtained experime

The objective of this study was to investiget the effect of different kinds of egg yolk (hen, quail, turkey, and duck) on the awassi ram semen quality after cryopreservation. The semen was collected by using artificial vagina from four awassi rams and then evaluated , after pooling the semen samples and dilution with tris which contain egg yolk  made from poultry birds (10%) and glycerol (5%).The samples were kept in 4C for two hours and then exposed to liquid nitrogen vapor for (10min) and suck in liquid nitrogen, one month later, the samples were thawed at 37C for(5min).the sperm motility, membrane integrity, the percentage of dead and abnormal sperm and DNA fragmentation determination were evaluated. The results showed th

 The article discusses the distribution of financial resources with a preference   for land assets and production of deep processed products with the highest added value, which simultaneously increases the incomes of producers and improves government revenues by increasing tax receipts. It is noted that the progressive development of agriculture depends on the technical modernization of the industry, which also requires investment. Therefore, it is necessary to subsidize the modernization and reconstruction of fixed assets - granaries, greenhouses. Potential profit, which will become an important component of investment, can give a boost to the investment activity. An analysis was carried out on the conceptual foun

The agricultural sector is most subject to the influence of risk factors. This might be explained by the fact that the efficiency and the output of agricultural production depends not only on invested labor and funds, but also on climatic, weather, environmental conditions, natural disasters. In this regard, the development of theoretical foundations of operational risk management in agriculture is highly relevant. The objective of our study was to develop measures to improve the methods of risk assessment and operational risk management at the level of agricultural enterprises, taking into account the requirements of environmental management and environmental protection. The article discusses the conditions and features of agric

The present study was carried out to isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the genital tract of some farm animals in Baghdad city to study the genetic and the ability of these isolates to produce phenazine pigment. For this purpose 240 vaginal and uterine samples were taken from 20 cows, 20 ewes and 20 goats postpartum. The result refer to that 203 samples gave positive bacterial growth. Distributed as follows 54 cows, 73 ewes and 76 goats. Depending on cultural, microscopic and biochemical characteristics, 17 isolates of P. aeruginosa were obtained. Addition to using differential and selective media to study the ability of these isolates to produce pyocyanin pigment. The results showed that all of P. aerug

 The efficacies of four insecticides with two different formulations liquid and solid viz; two as foliar sprays, Match 050 EC (lufenuron) and Icaros 1.8% EC (abamectin) as well as soil drench of Actara 25% WG (thiamethoxam) and Furadan 10% G (carbofuran) to control citrus leafminer (CLM) in orange orchard located in River Nile State during winter seasons 2015and 2016. The experiment was assigned in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. At each year two foliar and soil drench insecticidal were applied one time in late January. CLM larval counts were recorded at 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment (DAT). Results showed that regardless the agricultural season and the time of all tested insecticidal

A new species of the scorpions Compsobuthus iraqensis sp.nov ,  was described for the first time in Iraq and  world which is collected  from Salahuddin governorate  in Iraq .This species are characterized by pedipalps and chela are very thin and very long,the sixth segments of metasoma are very tall and less in width.The  body color and legs are yellowish except the end of acelus is radish ,the total length between 26-40 mm, and the rows of granules on the movable finger of pedipalp  have 10 rows,The Compsobuthus. iraqensis sp. nov. is almost similar to the species Compsobuthus. persicus,(11) from Iran, which it differed  by some characters ,

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of different gestation periods on hematological and biochemical profile of Iraqi female camel. The study was done at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Fallujah during the period from August, 1 to July, 11, 2013.  The experiment included 12 (6 pregnant and 6 non-pregnant), Iraqi female camels. Blood samples were collected at days 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 post-mating (PM). The blood samples for hematological, biochemical and plasma minerals assay. ESR and eosinophils were showed no significant different (P≤0.05) during different gestation period. Excluding data for cholesterol, HDL and LDL,

Six different bacterial and fungal isolates included Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., Candida sp., Klaveromyces sp.,  Aspergillus sp. and Streptomyces sp. were tested to produce laccase enzyme by using submerged fermentation, Streptomyces sp., Candida sp., and Pseudomonas sp. were chosen as being the heaviest in terms of enzyme production, and were tested for laccase production by solid state fermentation using different supports such as a solid media including sawdust with 0.06% xylene, sawdust and bran mixture (2:1) with 0.06% xylene. By using a

Amphibians cutaneous glands spread over the skin which contain different bioactive substances. So, the aim of this study is to study the effects of frog skin secretions on parasites and pathogenic bacterial isolates. Five adult frogs (Rana ridibunda) from AL-Jadria streams in Baghdad used in this study. The frogs were stimulated by single intraperitoneal injection of norepinephrine-HCl (40ng/gm) body weight. Frogs skin glands secreted bioactive substances then washed .The washing solution was centrifuged, lyophilized and re-suspended and sterilized. The  result  of  the study  revealed that the concentration (500mg/ml) inhibited bacterial growth so as Staphylococcus aureus,

Wheat is an important economic crop, various development projects adopted by the government to improve the level of production of all crops Despite the efforts to increase the production of grain crops, especially the wheat, the total production is still insufficient to meet the growing consumption needs, which led to widening of the food gap in addition to the increase in population and the increasing demand for food.The aim of this research is to Forecasting food gap and production of wheat in Iraq, Box-Jenkins one of forecasting method used to forecast production and food gap of wheat. Statistical programs Minitab and SPSS used to analyses data. The best method for Forecasting wheat production for the period 2

This study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical and biological (epiphytic algae) properties of Diyala river. Eighteen environmental parameters were selected in addition to the qualitative study of epiphytic algae (total number of algae and chlorophyll a). Two macrophytes (Phragmites australis and Certatophyllum demersum) were selected for the benthic study. The results showed that the river was alkaline, very hard, brackish water and good aerated. The trophic level is ranged from oligotrophic to mesotrophic according to the results of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and chlorophyll a.  The study revealed that the upper part of the river differed in its properties from the middle and the lower par

A field experiment was carried out at the fields of Al- Husseiniya District, Taliaa Township, Babylon Governorate, to study the response of the Jerusalem artichoke to foliar application of  micro nutrients nano-fertilizes of Nano Iron, Zinc, Copper ,and Manganese foliar applied at 25, 50, 75 and 100 g nano-fertilizer 100 L^-1 water, and 1 kg naonfertilizers ha^-1(as recommended) dissolved in  400 liters of solution ha^-1.The experiment included single , di, tri and tetra combinations, as well as a tetra combination of a traditional source, in addition to control(distil water only) using RCBD with 3 replicates . Growth parameters tested were chlorophyll SPAD, dry matter yield of vegetative,

This study was carried out at the experimental field, College of Agriculture, University of Duhok, during 2013- 2015, using six genotypes of pea. The objective of this experiment to investigate heterosis and several genetic parameters by using full diallel cross. The results revealed that general combining ability were significant in all studied traits except No. of grain pod^-1, also special combining ability and reciprocal were significant in all traits at probability 5%.

This study was aimed to  detect and analysis of mutL gene from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in UTI patients .Two hundred midstream urine specimens were collected from UTI patients. Laboratory diagnosis carried out depend on morphological and biochemical tests and confirmed by using VITEK- 2 Compact system. The results showed twenty isolates of  Pseudomonas aeruginosa from two hundred urine specimens in percentage (10%). Genome extracted from all twenty isolates by specific kit , then amplification of mutL gene in PCR by specific primers. Sequencing process

Twenty one Awassi lambs (4 month old and 23.59 ± 031 kg body weight) were used to investigate the effect of different levels of protein on growth, carcass traits, body composition, digestibility and some blood parameters. The lambs were divided equally and randomly and penned individually into three treatment groups, and fed ad lib on low protein (129.1 T₁) medium protein (140.6 T₂) and high protein (151.1 T₃, g/kg DM). After 72 days of fattening, 5 lambs from each treatment were chosen randomly and slaughtered. The result showed that lambs fed on T₃ diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher daily gain (210.83 g), better feed efficiency (4.8 kg/kg), higher dressing percentage (51.67 %)

In this study, the genetic relatedness of 12 cultivars of fig from different populations in Kurdistan region- Iraq were analyzed using eleven AFLP primers pairs combinations by using the technology of molecular analysis the DNA. Genetic similarity matrices were produced for the AFLP data to calculate genetic distances among their cultivars. Genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.1261 to 0.3905. The lowest genetic similarity was observed between Kola and Gala Zard (0.1261). The Hejeera Rash and Shela cultivars were most similar ones with a coefficient of 0.3905. Clustering based on AFLP data for the 12 fig cultivars was identified at the 0.32 similarity level. In the developed dendogram two main groups were found, the first

This study was aimed to find out how the performance of feed at different age periods affect the productive of birds . A total of 240-day-old broiler chicks have been used (Ross 308), were applied. The chick’s groups were assigned to four treatments with every replicates four times and were distributed randomly into 16 groups of 15 chicks of average body weight in each pen. The research was conducted out on chicks two weeks old. T0 (control): (Feed is provided continuously and permanently for birds), T1: Skip every 1 day: (Provide the feed for one day and cut it the next day and so on until the age of 42 days), T2: Skip every 2 days: (Providing the feed for two consecutive days, cutting