This study  was aimed to measure the production efficiency, cost efficiency, profit-maximizing production level, and net income at actual, cost-minimizing, and profit-maximizing production, as well as to calculate the minimum priced accepted by cucumber producers to supply their products, estimate supply function for cucumber producers, estimate the marketing efficiency of cucumber grown in greenhouses. A random sample of 45 cucumber growers from Dhi Qar governorate, Al-Shatra district/ Iraq during the agricultural season 2017 was selected. Due to its harmony with economic and statistical logic, cubic formula was used to estimate the cost function. Results showed that the optimal production of cucumber was 59.54 tons, and th

A field experiment was conducted during spring season of 2014 at the experimental station of field crops department, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Abu Ghraib to study the sensitivity of sunflower growth stages to water stress, fertilizers balance and interaction between them, and their effect on growth, yield, yield components and quality characteristics of sunflower Flamy cultivar. A randomized complete plot design (RCBD) was used with split-plot arrangement by three replicates. Fertilizers levels (F) ]F₁: recommended (180 kg N ha^-1, 110 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 and 100kg K₂O ka^-1), F₂:

This study was conducted in the fields of plant protection department / projects of integrated management and plant protection /Abu Graib ,to determine the seasonal abandane, severity , and percentage of infestation for vegetables leaves miner Liriomyza sativae B. (Diptera :Agromyzidae) in cucumber Cucumis sativus for the autumn season 2016. The percentage of plants infestation was 20% and for leaves 4.1% in the first week of September , while severity of infestation was 0.16% . In the third week of October 2016 the percentage of infestation was increased progressively up to 93.3% and 44.7% in the plants and leaves respectively, and  the severity of infest

A field experiment was conducted during the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 seasons at field of State Agricultural Researchers at Abu Ghraib, in order to study the grain yield of two varieties  )Triticum aestivum L.) with magnetized water effect. A randomized complete block design was used with three replications.The main plots included (irrigation with magnetized and irrigation with non-magnetized water), and wheat varieties (Fath and Abu Ghraib3) were distributed on sub plots. The results showed that the plants  irrigated with magnetize water were superposed in plant height (97.00 and 94.33) cm, (68.48,70.25) for the number of grains.spike^-1

The objective of this study was to predict the milk yield and its constituents of first parity-ten Holstein cows through lactoferrin concentration in colostrum and milk. The study was executed at Al-Nasr Dairy Cattle Station, at Essaouira (50 km south of Baghdad) during the period from 15/1/2013 to 1/4/2013. The lactoferrin concentration in colostrum and milk, milk constituents and the minerals concentration were measured. The lactoferrin concentration in colostrum was 732.78+ 28.03mg/L, which was higher than its concentration in milk (541.11+ 19.20 mg/L). Milk constituents (fat, protein and lactose) and some minerals

This study was to examine the histological changes in liver and kidney in tramadol -induced rabbits . This study was conducted on 10 adult male rabbits. Rabbits. were divided evenly into two groups: control group, received 1 ml normal saline 0.9%  Treated group received 0.3 ml of tramadol subcutaneously for 30 days. Results:  The histological analysis of the liver showed that the thickening wall  with minimal fibrosis in the periportal  area infiltration of inflammatory cells in necrotic change of the hepatocytes massive vacuolation of the hepatocyte, kupffer cell were present intensity in the sinusoid. The histopathological examination of kidney revealed lymphocyte infiltration , congestion ,glomeru

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the use of potassium chloride salt and its Emulsifying Salts instead of sodium chloride in processed spread cheese industry. Three treatments were applied, the first one was the control in which sodium chloride was added as salt and sodium phosphate used as emulsifying salt, the second treatment potassium salts were used to replace sodium salt in total, the third treatment contained both sodium and potassium salt in equal ratio (1:1). All treatment were kept at 6 ^o c ±2 and at room temperature (20)^oc for 60 days. The obtained results showed that using potassium chloride instead of sodium chloride was successful, and there were no significant differences between

Purpose Industrialization is leading to gradual accumulation of heavy metals in the date palm fruits and ecosystem. This paper aims at estimating the bioaccumulation of  heavy metals in soils, fruits (dates) near the industrial area of Al-Rusail in the Sultanate of Oman. There were three sites located for sampling and each with three farms except site 3 with one farm; industrial site, cement factory and control farm. The soil, water and date palm fruits were analyzed for heavy metals concentration using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. The results of  analysis showed that the mean concentration of heavy metals in soil was in the following order: Ni> Zn > Pb > Cd. The concentration of he

The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of replacing part of mineral fertilizers, by organic or bio fertilizers and effect of these fertilizers on grain yield and its components of maize (Zea mays L.). Field experiment was conducted at Abu Ghraib Research Station (Baghdad) during spring and fall seasons of 2016 using a randomized complete block design arranged in split plot with three replications .Three synthetic varieties of maize (Fajr 1 ,  Baghdad 3 and Sumer) in the main plots  and nine  fertilizer treatments which were : 100% NPK  as recommended , NPK  +  sulfur , NPK + organic fertilizer , NPK + Bio fertilizer, NPK + Humic acid ,50% NPK  + sulfur ,50% NPK +

To determine the polymorphisms of Insulin gene INSg and its relationship with some productive traits such as rate of initial and weekly body weight, average weekly body gain, live body weight, carcass weight, dressing %, cuts weight and weight for abdominal fat on broiler  in both sexes for Ross 308  hybrid, 200 one – day old chicks, reared on closed system tagged and weighted initially and weekly for 35 days, polymorphisms for Insulin gene were determined by using MSPI restriction enzyme and PCR-RFLP technique. Results showed two genotypes were detected only for INSg differ highly significantly P<0.01 between them and on its effect on studied treats was differ sig

Results of current study represents the first investigation on age groups and growth of  Carasobarbus luteus from two stations of the Euphrates in Al- Muthanna province, during  the period from September 2017 to March 2018.A total of 155 samples were caught belonging this fish species . age group comprised five (II⁺-VI⁺) for males and six (II⁺-VII⁺) for females with dominant III ⁺ age group in both sexes. The annual increment in length was decreased with the increase in age group, while the

A field experiment was conducted during autumn season 2017 at Al-Saqlawia, far about 50km north-west of Baghdad/Iraq, aimed to a periodic evaluation for drip irrigation system to obtain best values of the suggested standards. The experiment included two factors; first, emitters' discharge (d) at two levels using emitters with 4Lh^-1 design discharge (d₄) and emitters with 8Lh^-1 design discharge (d₈). While the second factor; operational pressure at three levels, first level, operational pressure 0.5 bar(P₁), second, operational pressure 0.7 bar(P₂), and the last, operational pressure 1.0 bar (P₃), the experiment was designed according to randomized comple

The objective of this study to estimate  the Radiation Use Efficiency  under effect of three levels of nitrogen (N₁ = 80 Kg N ha^-1,  N₂ =120 Kg  N ha^-1, and   N₃=160 Kg N ha^-1) for a set of maize hybrids include (Gloria, Market, Cruze and Draxma) in two different seasons in spring and fall  of 2017 in Qlyasn-Sulaimani. The experiment was conducted using split plot design with three replicates . The results revealed higher intensity of PAR in autumn season than that of spring (15.672 and 10.555)MJm^-2d^-1  respectively that led to higher RUE in autumn revealing (4.311,3.546

This study was carried out during 2017, at the factory of shelling corn grains at Al-musayyib /Babylon governorate. The objective of this study was to evaluate some technical indicators of the locally modified sheller for corn grain by using sheller machine locally modified with different peripheral speed of shelling cylinder 900, 1100 and 1300 m/min, different clearance between shelling cylinder and concave 23 and 28 mm on some the properties, such as sheller productivity, quality productivity, power consumption and unshelled grains. This research was done by applying the split plot design experiment within RCBD using four replicates. The results showed the following: clearance between shelling cylinder and concave 28 mm indicat

Rabbit’s urine waste (RUW) is one of the by-products of rabbit metabolism that not utilized. The complex nutrient content of rabbit’s urine is an enormous potential as a basic ingredient of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF). In the production process of LOF, the fermentation process becomes very important. In the fermentation process, the role of decomposer is very important. The use of commercial decomposers (CD) containing selected microorganisms is difficult to implement in rural areas, as they are expensive and difficult to obtain. Therefore, it is very important to find alternative sources of decomposers derived from nature.  This study aims to evaluate the quality of LOF made from RUW using local microorganism (LM) a

Six inbred lines of maize were crossed in this study by using half – diallel analysis method , during spring season of 2017, to produce fifteen F1 crosses. The parents and crosses were cultivated during fall season of 2017 by using R.C.B.D with three replications to determine heterosis, general and specific combining ability effects and gene action . Significant differences were found among parental and their crosses for all the traits . The results were showed that the hybrid ( Zm - 1× Zm - 5) had the highest heterosis in grain yield.plant^-1 (113.4%). The hybrid (ART-B-17x SYN-33) produced highest number rows. ear^-1 (17.

 Deltamethrin insecticide was highly toxic to mammals and had long-term residual effects and easily causing environmental pollution. The dependence concentration of deltamethrin (25 ppm) was used to treat  unripe mandarin orange fruits through a field experiment. A daily and weekly fruit samples, up to 35 days, were examined for deltamethrin residues. The concentrations  of  deltamethrin  which immigrated via peel into flesh of mandarin orange were 3.4, 3.9, 4.5 and 5.2 ppm after 1, 2, 3 and 4 days respectively. The levels of deltamethrin residues were decreased (due to many degradation reasons) from the maximum amount (after 4 days) to undetectable amount after 35 days. The field experiment showed that t

This study was carried out at Al-Radhwaniyah fish Reservoir (Baghdad) to investigate the polymorphism of GH gene and relationship with some of productive characteristics (total weight gain (T.W.G), daily growth rate (D.G.R), relative growth rate (R.G.R) and specific growth rate (S.G.R) in common carp. single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in GH gene was analyzed by direct sequencing. Two SNP were identified in the third intron of GH1, the first SNP at site A1132T was negative correlated with growth traits, AA Gen

This study was aimed to investigate the incidence of Cryptosporidiosis in 200 fecal samples from slaughtered broiler chicken carcasses in the local markets in some areas of Baghdad city (Al-Hurriya, Al -Kadhimiya and Al-Shuala), during March to May 2017. Three diagnostic techniques used (flotation by Sheather's sugar solution, staining with Modified Zeihl-Neelsen stain, and measuring of isolated Cryptosporidium oocysts by ocular micrometer) to determine the type of Cryptosporidium species, and for conform that the isolated species of parasite from infected cases belong to the C.baileyi.  Experimental infection done in, 18 broiler chicken chicks age

To estimate the genetic parameters and path coefficient of plant traits that correlate with yield to rely on them as selection criteria for maize breeding. Seeds of four genotypes selected from cv. Buhoth were planted at the field of Field Crop Dept. College of Agriculture Univ. of Baghdad during spring and fall season 2013, under two levels of nitrogen fertilizer (200 and 400kgN.ha^-1.). Data were analyzed, and genotypic and phenotypic correlation and path coefficient were estimated. The results revealed that these traits contributed 44% and 48% of yield variance at spring under 200 and 400 kg N.ha^-1, and 56% and 73% of yield variance at fall season, under 200,400 kg N.ha^-1 respectively.The result

This study was conducted in a private sheep herd at Kurdistan region- Iraq during the period from June/2015 to Augest/2016. A total of 189 ewes and 9 rams were used and aimed to study the effect of some non-genetic factors (age of dam,sex and type of birth, estrous sequences cycle and ewes weights at lambing ) on the birth and weaning weights. The heritability  and the best liear unbiased preduction (BLUP) were estimated. The overall means of the birth and weaning weights were 3.90 and 24.25 kg respectively.The results showed that the birth weight and weaning weight were significantly ( p<0.05) affected by age of dam, sex and type of birth, estrous sequences cycle and ewes weights at lambing. The ewes of age≥5 yeares we

Evaluation of drought patterns in Iraq and determining the most susceptible areas of this phenomenon were analyzed, using the remotely-sensed Drought Severity Index (DSI) through analysis the daily and annual DSI for three zones over Iraq, also have been analyzed DSI time series using run theory to evaluate the characteristics of drought in Iraq. The efficiency of DSI for drought monitoring was examined from compared with Percentage of Precipitation Anomaly (PPA) for three zones (Arid and Semi-Arid, Steppes and Desert), and compared with drought indicators (Evapotranspiration (ET), Potential evapotranspiration (PET) and total annual precipitation (PRE)) for the period 2000-2011, were derived from the Numerical Terradynamic Simula

This study aimed to evaluate biosurfactant production and antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas bacteria isolated from some agricultural fields to detect the relationship of these isolates traits with some heavy metals resistance. Bacterial isolates were screened for biosurfactant production through blood hemolysis, oil spreading, emulsification activity, and surface tension. The antibiotic sensitivity was determined using disk diffusion method. Then, identification of the selected isolates and subjected to gradient concentrations of heavy metals to determine the minimum

The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of kaolin on copper sulfate toxicity and on some hematological and biochemical performance in Cyprinus carpio L. 240 common carp ranged between 85-95g in weight. A total of 120 fish were used to determine the median lethal concentration LC₅₀ of copper sulfate and 120 fish and randomly distributed into six treatments (two replications for each treatment). The LC₅₀ of copper sulfate was 1.82 mg/l for 48h exposure, then added 0.91mg/l of copper sulfate to all treatment groups except control negative .The experimental treatments included adding kaolin: Control negative (without copper sulfate or kaolin); Control positive 0.91mg/l copper sulfate without

The objective of this research is to know the economic feasibility of hydroponics technology by estimating the expected demand for green forage for the years 2021-2031 as well as Identify and analyze project data and information in a way that helps the investor make the appropriate investment decision in addition to preparing a detailed technical preliminary study for the cultivar barley project focusing on the commercial and financing aspects and the criteria that take into account the risks and uncertainties . that indicating the economic feasibility of the project to produce green forage using hydroponics technology. Cultured barley as a product falls within the blue ocean strategy. Accordingly, the research recommends the nec

Nickel is an essential nutrient for plant growth with low concentrations, its excessive amounts in soil above threshold values could be cause in toxicity. The main objectives of the present research were to determine the effects of nickel nanoparticles foliar spray with 20, 40 and 70 nm diameter on the physiological characters and anatomical aspects of Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants. Lowest reduction significantly (P < 0.01) in root and shoot biomass was recorded due to in 70 nm; the measurements 0.08 and 0.05 g per plant and highest root: shoot; 0.65 as compared with control treatment. As well as the lowest conserved water content; 40% was observe

The present study was aimed to test the antagonistic activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Aloe vera leaves against a number of plant-pathogenic fungi. The results showed that the highest antagonistic activity was exerted by Penicillium chermesinum against the pathogenic fungus  Rhizoctonia solani, with an inhibition rate of 78.57%. Also, Talaromyces verruculosus and P. chermesinum showed their highest antagonistic activities against pathogenic fungus  Fusarium 1 with inhibition rates of 61.79% and 61.53%, respectively, while T. verruculosus showed an inhibition rate of 62.91% against the pathogenic fun

This study aimed to investigate the impact of agricultural TOT shocks and the strength of their effects on some indicators of the agricultural sector. The research uses VAR, Variance decomposition and IRF approaches. The research is due to the almost monolithic exports and the multiplicity of imports, and the results of the agricultural product response to the shock of the agricultural gross terms of trade (GBTT) indicated that it had a negative impact, due to the shocks that the last variable was subjected to, which was reflected on an agricultural product, but they are not permanent as they returned to the normal situation within the sixth year. The research recommended adopting the TOT criterion as one of the criteria for draw

Ten  isolates of  Laccase producing bacteria were obtained from 50  isolates belongs to Bacillus sp. These isolates were isolate  from different local areas of soil  in baghdad.The  isolates were subjected to primary screening , and  revealed  high production of enzyme based  on consumed  time  during the reaction with syringaldazine (  SGZ )  reagent at 37 ° C. These isolates were  subjected to secondary screening. The results revealed that isolate 136  was the best producers with highest enzyme activity of 47.0 U/ml.   Identification of this isolate was achieved by studying morphological, microscopic

This study was conducted to investigate the association of Ghrelin gene polymorphisms and expression levels with some biochemical traits of broiler chickens. Two hundred broiler chicks Ross308, one-day old were wing-tagged and reared under optimal conditions. Blood samples were collected individually from all birds on 21 and 35 days of age. Proventriculus was collected at 35 days of age from thirty birds of each of groups sorted according to growth rate for high, moderate and low to measure ghrelin gene expression by real-time RT-PCR. The serum traits of glucose, uric acid, cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins LDL, total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate transaminase (AST), alan