This study was conducted to assess soil salinity forecasting using spectral soil reflectivity. Artificial salinization was carried out on silty clay loam soil. Collected soil sample was handy crushed, sieved through a 4 mm sieve and backed in plastic columns. The columns were closed from the bottom with a perforated plastic lids with the presence of sand-gravel filter. Columns placed vertically at plastic basins contain saline ground water and left for salinization by capillary rise. At the desired salinity level, soil reflectivity was measured using spectroradiometer and wave length between 350-2500 nm, and band width 1 nm. Soil salinity and moisture were determ

This research was conducted to estimate some genetic parameters by using full diallel crosses in maize (Zea mays L.) at Grdarasha Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Salahaddin, Erbil. During the spring season of 2015, four diverse maize inbred line seeds were sown and exhibited full diallel cross between them. In fall season 2015, the F1 hybrids with their parental lines were sown in randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed there were highly significant differences among genotypes for almost all of the evaluated traits which were days to 50% tasseling, plant height, ear height,  ear length, no. of rows ear^-1, 150-kernels weight and to

Meropenem (MER) antibiotic is removed from an aqueous solution using Mg-Al-layered double hydroxide (Mg/Al-LDHs) which serves to functionalize the principal object of enquiry in this paper–sunflower husks (SFH).  The former sample demonstrated a 51% removal of MER while the latter demonstrated a 67% removal of MER. One of the areas explored was the impact of the rise calcination temperatures resulted in a concurrent increase in the surface area and porosity of LDHs which, in turn, provoked a heightened removal efficacy of MER at calcination temperatures between 300 °C and 350 °C. Nonetheless, LDHs experienced structural deformation and thus, diminished removal efficacy of MER when the ca

Using the policy of price has a significant impact to developing the production of a particular crop by increasing productivity, which is eventually reflected in achieving high rates of self-sufficiency of the crops. The research objective is to identify the most important economic and social effects that will result from cancelling or reducing this subsidy Using the Cost-Benefit Analysis. The results showed that the ratio of return to cost in the case of reducing subsidies for corn farmers about 0.92%, which indicates that the one dinar invested in the cultivation of the corn under the subsidy policy achieves about 0.92 dinar, which is higher than the ratio of return to costs In the absence of this policy, that reached 0.65%. Th

This study was aimed to evaluate the response of common bean cultivars to NPS fertilizer. Results revealed that the main effect of NPS rates, and cultivars highly significantly affected 50% days to flowering, number of primary branches per plant, pods per plant, hundred seeds weight, above-ground dry matter biomass, and grain yield. Nasir cv. provided highest  for all the studie parameters, among NPS rate, 100 kg ha^-1 recorded the highest results for the  50% days to flowering, the number of primary branches per plant, pods per plant, hundred seeds weight, above-ground dry matter biomass, and seeds yield. The interaction effects of NPS rate and cultivars highly significantly influenced days to 90% physiologic

This study was aimed to characterize Roseomonas mucosa isolate using molecular genetics and determination some bacterial virulence factors such as capsular, biofilm formation and antimicrobial susceptibility. By using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, the molecular characterization of the R. mucosa was done by using 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Capsular detection was examined using nigrosin pigment. While Congo red agar and microtiter plate using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader methods are used to determined bacterial isolate capability to produce a biofilm. The molecular charact

In the present study, Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity was detected in different parts of grape plant (leaves, pulp, whole seeds and defatted seeds) extracts. The results revealed that the whole seed possess highest PAL activity (69.44 U), followed by defatted seed (44.22 U), whereas extracts of leaves and pulp gave the lowest activity values (22.77 and 5.11 U, respectively). The optimum conditions for crude PAL extraction achieved using 50mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7) at mixing ratios of (1:7) for 1 h. extraction time. PAL was shown to precipitate out at the saturation range between 20-90%. For further purification, gel filtration chromatography using Sephadex G-200 column (1.5×70) and ion exchange chromatograp

This study aimed to determine antibiotic resistance profiles and the distribution of Integron I, Integron II, and genes among uropathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients suffering from urinary tract infection. The results revealed that one hundred and thirty-seven (91%) out of 150 clinical specimens were Klebsiella pneumoniae. The isolates (137 isolates) were given a higher percentage of resistance against Piperacillin (94.89%)and Rifampicin (93.43%) and the lowest resistance was with Meropenem (40.87%). According to PCR amplification

This study was aimed to purify, characteristic, and fibrinolytic activity of staphylokinase (SAK), is an enzyme activates plasminogen to form plasmin, which digest fibrin clots that cause thrombosis clot. Staphylokinase was purified from local isolate Staphylococcus aureus GH38 by ammonium sulfate precipitation at 70% saturation followed by ion exchange chromatography (CM-Cellulose) with a purification fold 2.73, and 1.53, and recovery 72.1, and 33.11% in wash and elution steps respectively. The partially purified enzyme was high activity at 40°C with pH 7 and the enzyme retained 100% of its activity at 35°C with pH 7. The activity of an enzyme increas

تم تغذية أربعة و عشرين معزة في الأسبوع الأول بعد الولادة على عليقة السيطرة لمدة أسبوعين و بعد ذلك قسمت بصورة عشوائية الى أربع مجاميع (ستة معزة لكل مجموعة)لتتغذى على أحدى العلائق التجربية (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% بلوط) لدراسة تأثيرتغذية مستويات مختلفة من البلوط على  كمية و تركيب الحليب و بعض الصفات الكيموحيوية للدم في المعزات الحلوبة. أظهرت النتائج بوجود زيادة معنوية في الأنتاج اليومي للحليب و الأنتاج اليومي للاكتوز

Information on the degree of water erosion is of imperative importance to professionals who are engaged in reducing soil losses via implementing soil conservation measures. Soil Conservation requires the knowledge of the factors controlling soil loss. Rainfall erosivity is one of the major controlling factors inducing water erosion. To achieve this objective, several univariate models were developed to estimate the rainfall erosivity in the upper part of Iraq. The database for models development was based on rainfall data of different time scales obtained from 25 stations distributed across the study region. The explanatory variables encompassed annual rainfall (P), Fournier index (FI), modified Fournier index (MFI) and precipita

The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons to evaluate the impact of the shading and various nutrition programs on mitigating heat stress, reducing the use of chemical minerals, improving the reproductive growth and yield of tomato plant. Split-plot within Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in this study. Shading factor was allocated in the main plots and the nutrition programs distributed randomly in the subplots. Results indicate that shading resulted in the decrease of daytime temperature by 5.7˚C as an average for both seasons; thus a significant increasing was found in leaf contents of macro nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorous, a

This Experiment was carried out in the plastic houses , College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences , University of Baghdad during the spring season 2018. Six inbred lines of bitter gourd were crossed full diallel crosses and planted during season 2018-2019 (six inbred lines +15 diallel hybrid + 15 Reciprocal hybrid + control hybrid). These genotypes were studied under the influence of amino acid spraying. This experiment was carried out using the split-plot design included two factors: The first factor represents amino acid spraying with control treatment and spraying phenylalanine amino acid a

Soil erosion by water is an extensive and increasing problem worldwide. Albeit, this problem has been recognized as a significant hazard in Iraq, yet the number of studies on this topic is very limited. Most of the models used for estimating soil erosion contain parameters for slope length factor (LS). A major constraint is the difficulty in extracting the LS factor. Accordingly, the current study was initiated with the main objective of deriving models to predict the slope length from relatively easy to measure basin characteristics with a reasonable accuracy. To achieve the above objective, standard methodologies were employed to describe 30 main basins with the upper part of Iraq in terms linear, areal and relief morphome

This study was aimed to investigated the relationship between the daily average of meteorological parameters (MP), and the daily average (DA) of air pollutant concentrations (PC) (including particulate matter (PM)). In this study, the DA of air PC, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂), was measured during heavy traffic in the summer season for five different locations throughout 2017, and comparison made with results similarly obtained in 2012. The particulate matter sample has been collected for the same period. The daily average meteorological parameters (MP) such as temperature (T), atmospheric pressure (AP), wind direction (WD), wind speed (WS) and relative humidity (RH) were meas

This research was conducted during the season of 2014 - 2015 inside unheated green house to investigate the effect of sprays number and different concentrations of micronite 35 (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 cm³ .l^-1) and their interaction on growth and yield of Pepper var. California Wonder with using (RCBD) with three replicates. Results showed that the sprays number and the concentrations of micronite 35 and their interaction had a significant effect on all the characteristics that studied. The interaction of three sprays with 3 cm³ .l^-1 of micronite 35 gave the highest average of plant height (103.12cm

An experiment was carried out in one of the private field in AL-Radwaniah westeren south of Baghdad to study the effect of irrigation intervals, irrigation after 6, 8 and 10 days (D₁, D₂ and D₃) and irrigation of salicylic acid concentration (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg/l) (S₀,  S₁,  S₂ and S₃) on some vegetative growth and yield parameters. Potato tuber were planted on 1 Feb 2015 using application  N, P, K in the rate 120: 60: 200 kg/ ha. Plants were irrigated after 6,8 and 10 days and spraying of salicylic acid three time, First in vegetative growth stage and in stolon intiation stage and in tuber intiation stage. Factorial experiment in Nist

This study was conducted during 1/7/2016 to 20/12/2018, which aimed to determine chemical and mineralogical properties of oak forest and bare cultivated soils at 6 locations  in Iraqi Kurdistan region, the samples were collected from two depths (0 – 30) and (30 – 60) cm. The study included some chemical and physical properties and identification of clay minerals from X-ray diffraction data. Peak height is used as a rough indicator of relative abundance of minerals. In general, the expansion of 14°A to ≈ 17°A in ethylene glycol treatment was not detected because measuring started from 5θ so that’s why we cannot differentiated between Chlorite and Semectite in that treatment. The main results indicated that the orga

The aim of this research was to study the effect of feeding of goat kids on Panicum Mombasa grass on productive traits, carcass characteristics and meat production. 25 of local cross breed male goat kids; average weight 18.3 kg were divided randomly to five treatments, the first one T1 was fed with wheat straw, T2 green alfalfa, T3 green Panicum Mombasa, T4 alfalfa hay and T5 Panicum Mombasa hay. Animals reared in single cages for two weeks as a preliminary period, the experiment period lasted for 70 days. Concentrate diet provided with 3% of body weight, roughage feeds provided freely. At the end of the experiment, three anima

Dietary replacement of soybean meal by toasted sunflower meal in Clarias gariepinus diet was investigated in a 56-day feeding trial using growth, body composition, digestibility, haematology and liver histology as indices of assessment. Sunflower seed meal was toasted at 204⁰C for 5, 10 and 15 minutes. Control diet consist of soybean meal which was replaced by differently toasted sunflower seed meal at a rate 15, 30 and 45% to produce nine 40% crude protein, 18kj/kg test diets. Triplicate groups of fish in 70-litre capacity aerated rectangular plastic tanks were assigned to each dietary treatment at a stocking rate of 15 fingerlings (4.97±0.42g average weight) per tank in a completely randomized design. Fish

This study was designed to determine ZmHKT1;5 gene expression  in relatively salt tolerant using four maize genotypes (Alfajr and Almaha  and medium-tolerant ones T1 and T6) within cellular level.  Three salinity levels (2, 8, and 16 ds / m .  Were used immature seeds were surface sterilized and embryos were dissected under full sterilization conditions. Callus was initiated from immature embryos of the above four genotypes on Skoog and Murashige (MS) medium supplemented with the required growth regulators (3 mg/L 2,4-D +0.5 mg/L kinetin) and recultured for three times and transferred to the stress medium containing NaCl.

The objective of this study was to evaluate a natural bio-insecticide manufacturing from Eucalyptus sp. volatile oil. The use of Eucalyptus sp. against the Backswimmer insect Anisops sardea Herrich-Schaeffer, 1849 predatory of larvae of common carp fish, Cyprinus carpio L., in artificial closed ponds in Babylon province represented a new idea in Iraq. The volatile oil of the Eucalyptus sp. was extracted by hot water method using the Clevenger, three concentrations of 250000, 450000 and 650000 ppm with benzyl benzoate a

This study was aimed to extract the effective material from the dry nests of termites and detect its antibacterial activity against some pathogenic bacterial isolates and inhibit synthesis of its biofilm. Termites dry nests were collected and the effective material was extracted then the antibacterial activity was detected using the disc diffusion assay. Results were showed that the extract have antibacterial material from the Termites dry nests, this extract showed antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) at (21.5mm) and Gram negative bacteria ( Enterobacter sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) at (26 mm and 20 mm) respectively by inhibiting their growth, as well as its

This study  was performed to detect assess Vaspin rs2236242  and Chemerin rs17173608 gene  polymorphisms with its association with  susceptibility of  obese PCOS  in  Iraqi women .Blood samples from 100 women with  obese PCOS and 75 healthy control women matched in age and BMI were collected from AL-Yarmouk Teaching hospital during February2018-July 2018 were enrolled in case control study. Tetra amplification refractory mutation system‐polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR) was performed to detect the  adipokine SNPs in patients and healthy women  under study. Results demonstrated a significant variations in either genotype distribution and all

This study aimed to obtain phytoremediator that have better effectiveness to accumulating mercury so as to reduce mercury content in grains, research was conducted on mercury-contaminated rice fields. The study was conducted withim randomized block design with 3 replications.  First factors are varieties namely Ciherang, IR-64, Siganteng (local variety), and Inpari-32, the second are the type of phytoremediator, namely: Kiambang, Eceng Gondok and Jerango and  third factor are population of phytoremediator, namely: without phytoremediator, 5, 10 and 15 plants per plot. The plot size used was 1 metre x 2 meters with 20 rice plants per plot.  The results showed that there was a decrease in mercury content in rice grai

The aim of the study is determining the effect of public and private also support and government loans in Agricultural domestic product by analyzing data that got it from secondary sources to the variables contained in the model during the period (1990-2020) using Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) with software Eviews 10. The study finds that positive relationship between agriculture domestic product and explaining variables. We find significant parameters in the short and long run, explained that is the increase in agricultural loans with 1% lead to an increase in agricultural domestic product with 14%. Also, an increa

The present study highlighted the effectiveness of natural extracts derived from annatto and beetroot in prolonging the shelf life of refrigerated beef burgers for up to 12 days. The experimental design included five treatment groups: T1 (control, no additives), T2 (185.6 µg/ml nano-encapsulated annatto), T3 (187.6 µg/ml nano-encapsulated beetroot), T4 (a combination of nano-encapsulated annatto and beetroot at the same concentrations), and T5 (0.01% BHA). Samples were stored under refrigeration for 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days, after which they were subjected to a series of physical, chemical, microbiological, and sensory evaluations. The data revealed that the nano-encapsulation of annatto and beetroot extracts led to statisticall

This research aimed to study the effect of some economic variables (agricultural output, interest rate, agricultural exports, and imports) in determining the volume of agricultural investment in Iraq during the period (1990-2020) by conducting a dynamic econometric analysis of the data collected from its secondary sources. The Error Correction Model (ECM) was employed, and the statistical analysis was performed using EViews 12 software. The results revealed a positive and significant long-term relationship between the explanatory variables and the dependent variable, agricultural investment. Its equilibrium value in the long term is one unit, and 7% of the divergence from the equilibrium between the long term and the short term c

This study was conducted at Al-Khalis Dairy Cattle Station in Diyala Governorate during the productive season during 2021–2022. 63 Holstein cows were selected randomly to study the effect of prolactin gene (PRL) and prolactin gene receptor (PRLR) polymorphism on milk production, milk components, and reproductive traits in Holstein dairy cows. The results showed three SNPs of PRL gene (TT, TC, and CC). There are highly significant differences (P>0.01) between the percentages of the genotypes, which reached (79.37, 17.46, and 3.17% , respectively ) and three SNPs for PRLR gene ( TT , TA and AA with percentage  47.62 , 41.27 and 11.11 respectively) in Holstein dairy cows in Iraq. the results showed there were a significant

Thirty-seven different F. oxysporum ciceri isolates were isolated from 55 chickpea fields at Sulaimani and Halabja governorates during 2021. Fourteen Foc isolates were pathogenic and displayed various morphological traits. The ideal temperature for Foc ranged 25-30°C. PDA was the best media for the fungal growth. The isolates showed a variety of growth patterns, including appressed, flat/velvet, fluffy to partial fluffy, and cottony. However, Foc-28 displays nerve type mycelium growth on PDA at 25ºC. Microconidia (6.1-8.7x2.9-4.98µm), macroconidia (10.0-20.1x2.7-5.2µm), chlamydospores (7.2-15.0x6.8-10.7µm), and colony diameter on PDA were all significantly differed among the isolates. Significant d