Carbon monoxide (CO) contamination represents a major global concern. This study aimed to detect the concentration of CO, emitted from various vehicles exhausters which are important contributors in deteriorating air quality. The data was collected throughout the heavy parking period at Al- Jadyria campus in Baghdad University. The vehicles were classified into two main groups according to the type of gasoline they are filled with; including premium leaded and leaded free gasoline (PLG and LFG respectively), as well as engine size, odometer, brand and model. Seven low duty vehicles for each engine size (<1.6 to >2.0) liter were selected randomly. A portable gas detector type (Altair® 4X) was used to measure exhausted emiss

This study was aimed on purification, immobilization and application of peroxidase enzyme from whole plant of soy bean for the decolorization of textile dyes and degradation of some phenolic compounds. The purification of peroxidase was in two steps include: concentration by sucrose and gel filtration by using sephadex G-150. The purification fold was 4.46 and 2.09 with an enzyme yield of 22.34% and 25.55% for peak 1 and peak 2 respectively. The purified peroxidase enzyme was immobilized by two methods include: covalent linkage immobilization by gluteraldehyde activated chitosan and entrapment by sodium alginate and agarose gel, the immobilization ratio reached to 58.07%, 50% and 11.75% respectively. Crude, purified and immobiliz

The aim of this study is to develop a bioconversion process of chitin to chitosan in solid-state fermentation. A classical optimization of one factor at the time was performed and revealed that maximum chitin deacetylase (CDA) production can be obtained in corn medium moisturized with mineral salt solution and with an initial moisture of 1:1 level (w/v). Results showed that 3% of spore inoculum contained 1× 10⁶ provided maximum production of CDA enzyme (219.5 U/g solid medium) after 5 days of incubation. Moreover, process parameters were systemically evaluated to impr

 The present study was planned to investigate equine babesiosis in dragging horses in Baghdad city, Iraq by using microscopical and molecular (PCR) techniques. 150 blood samples of horses examined for Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. 16.66% (25/150) were positive by microscopic examination. No significant difference was observed in infection rates between male and female horses and among different age groups. The result showed that PCR method has high rate of infection36% (9/25). Nine positive PCR products were sequenced and deposited in Genebank data base for first time in Iraq, phylogenic analysis demonstrated that 5 sequences belongs to T. equi (MK350319, MK346272, MK346273, MK346274 and MK36275)

This study was conducted during the two growing seasons 2016 and 2017 in the lath house at the College of Agriculture, Duhok University, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Uniform and healthy transplants of (2) years old sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars (evey loly and shampion) were used. The effects of three levels of Ammonium sulfate (NH₄)₂SO₄) (as source of nitrogen) (0, 3 and 6 gm L^-1), three levels of seaweed extracts (alga21st) concentrations (0, 1 and 2 gm.L^-1) and their interactions on leaf nutrients status, the content of protein, carbohydrate were investigated. The results showed that cv. evey loly transplants significantly

This study was aimed to reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases from diesel engines used in agriculture. Indicators are provided for a technical assessment of the efficiency of exhaust gas cleaning for diesel engines that have a significant impact on agricultural crops. A scheme for the installation of a common device to reduce the exhaust toxicity of diesel engines on the YaMZ-238 engine was described during the test and a research methodology is presented. The main results obtained during the improved toxicity testing device installed on the ULTZ-700 tractor are given with the YaMZ-238 engine, which fully reflects the efficiency of cleaning emissions. The reliability graphs are designed to characterize cleaning ef

The objective of this research is to determine the current crop structure of Al- Kadhimiya Agriculture Division farms in order to determine the optimal use of the economic resources available for the purpose of achieving optimum crop structure that maximizes profits and total and net agricultural incomes. The study based  on the use of (LP) technique to determine the optimum agricultural production plan with the highest net income  using the statistical program (QSB), as well as (MOTAD) model was used to determine efficient agricultural plans (Income - Deviation) (E-A) and derive plans that take into account the risk margin of each farm plan using (MOTAD), as a model of alternative (LP) models for quadratic programming

The aim of this study was to estimate the profit and cost functions as well as economic, price, cost, and technical efficiencies beside the other economic indices at actual, optimal and profit-maximizing output of rice. A random sample of 240 rice  farms in Nejaf province was used during the agricultural season 2016. From efficiency scales of profit function, it was shown that the output quantity had the greatest impact on the profit compared to other variables (average output costs and price). According to the cost function, the optimum output level and the profit- maximizing output  level for the short run were 64.84 tons and 117.4 tons respectively. The lowest price

The aim of this work was to check the presence of the dumping from neighboring countries of Iraq, Turkey and Jordan. The margin of dumping was calculated by taking the difference between the normal value and the export price. If it exceeds 2%, then there is dumping. Product dumping in Iraq has increased since 2003, and it is increasing from year to year for many types of agricultural and food commodities. Main reasons are the high rate of imports and the absence of trade policies represented by customs tariffs which in turn control the trade exchange. The research concluded that there is an intentional dumping in the trade of some agricultural commodities with Iraq from neighboring countries. Trade exchange with these countries h

Projects of various sizes and types are the most important factors for the success of economic development plans in general. Agricultural projects and agricultural cooperatives are also considered as the basis for agricultural development in the economies of many countries. One of the most important targets of development is to fight poverty and famine, and achieving that depends on how to deal with agricultural lands with good management and scientific methods. The aim of this research is to identify the economic feasibility of one of the agricultural activities in the province of Dhi Qar. The study included 132 farms specialized in the cultivation of wheat crop in the province of Dhi Qar for the agricultural season 2017-2018. T

 This research aims to study the morphological anatomical characteristics and geographical distribution of the species Horwoodia dicksoniae (Turrill) belong to Brassicaceae family in Iraq. The results were revealed the morphological characteristics of the root, stem, leaves, fruits and seeds, abaxial surface of the leaf characterized by covered with simple hairs. The fruits were circular in shape with wide wing and have one seed. The seeds were conical shape and pustular surface configuration. The anatomical characteristics of the root, stem, and leaf were studied and the cross-section of the root was characterized by thick periderm layer and cortex layer consisting primarily of parenchyma cells, st

 This study was aimed to displayed effect of this nanoparticles on pregnant mother and embryos. All females administration of AgNPs suspension orally during the gestational period (for 21day) in two doses low 2mg and high dose 20 mg /Kg body weight and the control group received D.W only. The pregnant females (60 females) include the control group and the treated group  was subdivided in to two groups, pre and post implantation and all the mothers weighted along the study. The embryos and their brains after retrieved weighted and the crow-rump length (CRL) measurement also. The results showed that the active form of Ag can be transport the placental barrier and blood brain barrier (BBB). This nanoparticles showed advers

This study was aimed to investigate straw stiffness in land races of two- row barley (hordeum vulgarel.). Straw from four landrace populations of barley grown in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq was measured and tested for bending stiffness, showing considerable variation in diameter and in longitudinal bending modulus. In the lower range of diameter, the straw from these landrace populations was highly flexible and was able to lodge without fracture, by curving elastically without fracture or buckling until the head reached the ground. The landrace populations studied contained substantial variation in internode diameter and in the stiffness of the wall material. Selection for internode diameter appeared to have potential f

This research was aimed at conducting a financial evaluation of sheep feeding systems in Al-Ahsa in KSA to identify the feasibility of investing in these projects. By field study, identified two systems for fattening the first system of fattening for 4 months, 3 cycles a year, and the second system of fattening for 6 months, two cycles a year. Secondary data collected by the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, the annual statistical book, a random sample of sheep breeders in Al-Ahsa governorate. The criteria for financial evaluation of projects are used. The results showed that the system of fattening for 4 months better than the other system, where the internal rate of return (IRR) f

Three soil sites were chosen in sulaymaniyah governorate, for three types of trees (pine, oak  and pear), in order to study the effect of biochemical activities in rhizosphere on weathering of mica and potassium availability comparing with Bulk soil. Results of X-ray showed that the transformation process of mica to 2:1 expandable minerals in rhizosphere was exceeded than in Bulk soil of all type of trees. While the superiority of mica weathering, and increase of smectite content in all rhizosphere were taken a followed sequence. Pine > oak > pear. Results of SEM for clay samples of Bulk soil showed there was no cracks, splitting, Exfoliation, and no separation of the layers on the surfaces of minerals. While the inspe

Betamethasone sodium phosphate (BMSP)  selective molecularly imprinted polymers(MIPs) were based on ion-pair by prepared four polymers(MIPs) using BMSP as the template a well as (Acryl amide) (AAM), 2-Acrylamido-2-Methyl-1-Propane sulphonic Acid (2-AAMMPSA as monomer, used N,N-ethylenebismethacrylamide (EBMAA) ,ethylene glycol dimethacrylate ethylene glycol(EGDMAC), N, N-methylene bisacrylamide (NNMBAAM)) as cross linker and used benzoyl peroxide as initiator . NIPs prepared by using the same composition of MIPs except the template (BMSP). The MIPs were prepared using variation  ratio of monomer and cross linker .These MIPs applicate as solid phase extraction for determination    BMSP in pharmaceutical pr

The objective of this study was to evaluate a natural bio-insecticide manufacturing from Eucalyptus sp. volatile oil. The use of Eucalyptus sp. against the Backswimmer insect Anisops sardea Herrich-Schaeffer, 1849 predatory of larvae of common carp fish, Cyprinus carpio L., in artificial closed ponds in Babylon province represented a new idea in Iraq. The volatile oil of the Eucalyptus sp. was extracted by hot water method using the Clevenger, three concentrations of 250000, 450000 and 650000 ppm with benzyl benzoate a

This study  was performed to detect assess Vaspin rs2236242  and Chemerin rs17173608 gene  polymorphisms with its association with  susceptibility of  obese PCOS  in  Iraqi women .Blood samples from 100 women with  obese PCOS and 75 healthy control women matched in age and BMI were collected from AL-Yarmouk Teaching hospital during February2018-July 2018 were enrolled in case control study. Tetra amplification refractory mutation system‐polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR) was performed to detect the  adipokine SNPs in patients and healthy women  under study. Results demonstrated a significant variations in either genotype distribution and all

This study was aimed to investigate the coating of nanoparticles to minimizing harmful of  chemical fungicide in fruit industrial sector. The Effects of coating fruit surface with different concentrations of Nano-silver  on the development of mycelium growth of, Penicillium digitatum and Aspergillus niger during storage were estimated. Coated treatments with silver recorded fully reduction of the fungal growth (100%,) on surface of  fruit  with concentration of 50 ppm and 100 ppm as compared with uncoated samples and fungicide. Also, the treatment with 100ppm of silver showed a significant decrease in weight loss compared with uncoated fruit. Application of nanotechnology can be an important

Factorial experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of two factors, molasses (M) and liquid whey (LW) on fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of date palm leaves (DPL). Fresh DPL was chopped into 1-2 cm and treated with treatment solutions prepared by addition of 5, 7.5 or 10% of M together with 3 levels of LW on basis of nitrogen content equivalent to 0, 1 or 1.5% of urea. Ground wheat straw was added to each sample at rate of 50 g. Materials were packed into double nylon sacs and ensiled for 60 days. Samples of DPL were appeared firmly connected and most of them acquired yellowish to light green color with emission of an apple-date vinegar smell. Results revealed that the

The present study designed  to investigate the hematological and blood biochemical changes in pre and post lambing periods in Iraqi Nuaemie ewes. Ten Nuaemie ewes weighed 35-45 kg and aged between 2-3 years were reared in animal's house of Veterinary College / Tikrit University from October-2018 to March-2019, Ten ml of blood samples were collected from each animal during the periods of last gestation month, at lambing and 2 weeks thereafter, Two and half ml of blood samples were collected in EDTA- containing tubes to determine the hematological parameters and the remaining was used to separate serum and stored at -20 °c for blood biochemical assessment. The results   revealed decreased <

This study was aimed to find out how the performance of feed at different age periods affect the productive of birds . A total of 240-day-old broiler chicks have been used (Ross 308), were applied. The chick’s groups were assigned to four treatments with every replicates four times and were distributed randomly into 16 groups of 15 chicks of average body weight in each pen. The research was conducted out on chicks two weeks old. T0 (control): (Feed is provided continuously and permanently for birds), T1: Skip every 1 day: (Provide the feed for one day and cut it the next day and so on until the age of 42 days), T2: Skip every 2 days: (Providing the feed for two consecutive days, cutting

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of swim-up and glass wool as sperm separation techniques with adding vitamin E and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to Tris extender on improving post-cryopreserved total sperm characteristics in straw and freezability percentage for low semen quality of Holstein bulls. Low and good of semen were extended using Tris extender. Good semen quality (GSQ) was divided into 3 groups (L1; Tris extender, L2; 2 mM vitamin E, L3; 200 IU SOD) Low semen quality (LSQ) was divided into two main groups, and subdivided into 3 sub-groups (L4; Tris extender, L5; 2 mM vitamin E, L6; 200 IU SOD). In the second main group, swim-up and glass wool techniques were used with adding vitamin E an

The aim of this study was to application of some single and integrated index equation to assess heavy metal in different soil within Erbil governorate. The 15 different locations (Bahare new, Newroz, New Hawler, Hesarok, Azadi1, Zen city, Atconz city, Pank village, Binaslawa, Darato, Qushtapa, Shaways, Kasnazan, Bahirka, Pirzin) were specifically selected to identify the effects of traffic activities on soil properties. Different heavy metal distribution patterns (As, Cd, Cu, Cr and Zn) were determined from distance 5, 25, 50m roadside. Soil pollution was assessed using many indices including: contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cdeg), Ecological Risk Factor and

The current study prioritized certain popular local cereal species like Wheat, Oat, Rye and two local Barley varieties known as Aksad and Amal to extract their β- glucan using alchemical methods. The results of this study indicated that rye contained the lower percentage of β-glucans (0.756%) whereas, both types of barley Aksad and Amal contained highest amount (9.489%) and (7.395%) respectively. However, the results showed that the crude extracted of   β- glucans from wheat, oat, rye, barley (Aksad) and barley (Amal) were 0.373,1.409, 0.26, 2.287 and 1.855 g/100g flour respectively which was reflected the efficiency of extraction process which ranged between 8.83 ± 0.01for wheat to 34.39

Crop growth modelling is one of the important sciences in field crop sciences for it helps to reduce time and effort in searching for a fact or result. This article was dealed with a formula to predict maize ear grain weight when plants still standing on farm. Two genotypes of maize were used in this trial, a hybrid of feed maize was used in 2018 and an open-pollinated cultivar of pop corn in 2019. Ear length and diameter were measured on 50 randomly taken plants of full seed – set before harvest .Ears were harvested later, air dried ,threshed and weighed, then yield adjusted to 15% moisture .Ears were considered as cylinder ,and volumes of each ear were calculated .Date of observed ear grain weights and their volumes were anal

There is so little information available in Iraq about genetic variability in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), so current study aimed to use six tandem repeat loci of multilocus variable number tandem repeat (MLVA) typing to discriminate among MRSA, so to achieve the aim of this study, six loci, clfA, clfB, sdrC, spa, sspa and sav1078 were selected for multiplex PCR. The PCR product were subjected to capillary electrophoresis by using ABI-Genetic analyzer, then the data were analyzed by using GeneMapper™ Software 5. Fragment sizes were converted into repeats number. The total number of repeats are used to generate allelic profile. The allelic prof

This study was aimed to synthesis Ag₂O nanoparticles (N.P.s) utilizing the Ginger plant (Zingiber officinale) extract. As catalysts for pyran derivatives formation employing a three-component coupling reaction among aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, malononitrile, and dimedone. The nanoparticles exhibit robust catalytic activity with high productivity. Results revealed that Ag₂O NPs improved various vital features, like higher yields, reaction time, simple chemical separation, catalytic economic efficiency, and quick process. This study aimed to cyclize heterocyclic compounds to provide new hetero compounds applying nano-oxides obtained from natural (unmanufactured) sources and used

This research was aimed to study the management of water resources within international basins, among which is the study of water authorities within the Greater Zab River Basin (GZRB) in the Kurdistan region - Iraq, where it is an international river shared by Iraq and Turkey, and aims to develop the river basin management and international cooperation between the authorities Shared water within the basin, as well as identifying factors that affect implementation, the principles, and joint projects. On the other hand, the interactions of water users competing for water inside the river basin were identified. For this reason, the Water Evaluation Analysis Planning (WEAP) model was applied to the basin to determine the optimal GZR

This study was conducted to evaluate probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic on the broiler growth performance, reread under different stock density. A total of 448 Ross 308 broiler reared for 6 weeks and divided into two groups normal density and high density . For each stock density birds were fed standard diet (T1), standard diet + 0.15g probiotic powder/ kg diet(T2),  standard diet + 0.15g prebiotic powder/ kg diet(T3) and  standard diet + 0.15g synbiotic powder/ kg diet (T4). All dietary additives had no significant differences (p≤ 0.01)on the body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio at 6 weeks  of age. However, body weight was different significantly compared to the control group. Dietary synbioti