This study was aimed to possibility of applying three constructed wetlands units (based on the vertical subsurface flow mode-operation) for treating of simulated wastewater contained cadmium ions. Iraqi sand was the substrate used for packing of mentioned units; however, Canna indica and Typha domingensis can be planted in any two units to improve of cadmium removal while the last one remains free of vegetation. The pH, DO, temperature, and Cd values were monitored in the effluents for detention time (0.5-120 h) and metal concentration (5-40 mgl^-1) to estimate the performance of units. Results proved that the removal of cadmium ions can increase significantly for longer contact time a

This study was aimed to investigate data homogeneity, detect trend and changes in historical rainfall and forecast future rainfall pattern. Rainfall historical records taken from 22 gauging and non-gauging stations distributed all over Duhok governorate. The dataset includes long time series of monthly and annual rainfall totals (mm) from 1998 to 2020. To detect data variability, four different homogeneity tests were used. To analyze trends and sequential shifts in historical data, parametric and non-parametric tests were applied. Theil-Sen's slope estimator test was applied to calculate the magnitude of change over time. Rainfall forecasting was based on the Box-Jenkins methodology. The homogeneity test res

The research aims to enhance farmers' access to agricultural credit by identifying the most important economic and social characteristics affecting the demand for agricultural loans. Farmers need agricultural credit as a source of financing due to their weak financial capabilities، and that farmers’ lack of access to credit may negatively affect the achievement of the level of production that maximizes profit or allow farmers to apply and use modern technologies or develop existing agricultural projects. Cross-sectional data were collected for a random sample of (275) farmers in Baghdad governorate. The Logit model was used to determine the most important factors affecting agricultural loans، which include gender، age، educ

This study was aimed to investigate the impact of protein enzymatic hydrolysate extracted from waste of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on some bacterial growth. Two type protein concentrates were prepared from defatted carp fish waste powder, the first at pH 2/4.5 and the second at pH 12/4.5. They were hydrolysed by pepsin enzyme lyophilized powder ≥ 2500 units/mg conc.1.5gm/100gm protein concentrates for (30, 60, 90, and 120) minutes. The obtained hydrolysates characterized in term of color, amino acids, minerals elements, degree of hydrolysis, solubility in addition to bacterial growth promotor and biomass production properties. The whiteness of acidic and basic protein concentrates were (68.62 and 67.09) %, respectiv

This study was aimed to compare the performance of flour mills in Baghdad governorate during 2019. A sample of 53 mills were collected, divided into four categories according to their productivity. The technical and economic efficiency were estimated according to the data envelope method with an input oriented. The results showed that the values of the general average of scale efficiency and technical efficiency constant CRS, and variable return to scale VRS for the sample in the first half according to its production capacity of the mills amounted to (0.876, 0.937, 0.937)% respectively. Compared to the results of the second period (0.896, 0.952, 0.941) %, respectively. As for the results of allocative and econom

In this study, an ideal protocol for the in vitro propagation of Maclura plants was established. The effect of using sodium alginate at different concentrations on the production of artificial seeds from single nodes was investigated. The results showed that the Maclura plant can be successfully propagated in vitro by culturing single nodes on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) with 0.6mg /L GA3, resulting in a percentage response of up to 100%. The highest average number and length of shoots was achieved at this concentration with 5 shoots/explant and 1.31 cm, respectively. At the multiplication stage, the treatment with 0.5mg/L BA + 0.1mg/L NAA) was superior, resulting in the highest average number of shoots of 5.50 shoots/expla

This experiment was carried out in 2023 season of spring and fall growth cycle in a private canopy in Al-Radwaniyah city, Baghdad Governorate, study included addition of bacterial biofertilizer at four treatments: no addition (A₁),  addition of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteria (A₂) , addition of Azospirillum brasilense bacteria (A₃) and addition of both types of bacteria (A₄) and organic fertilizer (Decomposing buffalo manure) at three levels (0, 250 and 500 g.soil^-1), which are symbolized by B₀, B₁, and B₂, respectively Added once during the spring and fall growing cycle, and spray moringa extract at three levels (

A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad /Abu-Ghraib during the growing season of 2009 and 2010 to investigated the effect of spraying of ascorbic acid at three concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5) gm L^-1 on some growth characters and yield of three genotypes of soybean (Sori, Lee and Snaea -2-), using RCBD with in split plot arrangement with three replications. The genotypes were in main plots while the concentrations of ascorbic acid were in sub plots. The results showed that the superiority of Sori genotype in branches No. (7.11 and 7.90) branch.plant^-1, pods No. (153.44 and 187.43) pod.plant^-1

A field experiment was conducted at the experimental field, Dept. of Field Crop , Coll. of Agric. Univ. of Baghdad during the yeans of 2010 and 2011 to study growth and yield of peanut as affected by planting methods and plant population. A factorial arrangement in RCBD design with four replications were used , with two factors, the first one: three planting methods (planting on East, West and Twin rows) and the second factor: four spacing between plants (15, 25, 35 and 45) cm. The results showed that the planting method on east produced highest dry weight (117.51, 100.64) g.plant^-1, growth rate (625.10, 532.40) mg.plant^-1.day^-1 , seed yield per plant (25.16, 32.25)g.plant^-1, protein pe

Field experiment was conducted during 2010 – 2011 and 2011 – 2012 winter seasons at the Experimental Farm, Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture University of Baghdad. RCBD design with four replications were used to study the effect of Boron and vitamin C foliar applied on yield and some it^,s components of bread  wheat Triticum aestivum L. cv. Abu – Ghraib-3. The experiment involved two factors ,the first was boron foliar in five concentrations  0,100, 200, 300, 400 mg L^-1  the second was vitamin C foliar applied in five concentrations 0,1,2,3,4, gmL^-1 at booting stage. Results of the experiment showed :300 mg B L^-1 was  superior in grain y

A field study was conducted at the experimental farm, Coll. of Agric., Abu-Ghraib, Baghdad, Iraq during the period from mid of march 2013 to end of August 2014 to investigate the effect of different levels of sulfur (0, 1, 2 and 3 ton. ha^-1) and three dates of last cutting (1, 10^th and 20^th,May 2014)_ on seed yield and it’s components of alfalfa local cultivar, Layout of the experiment was R.C.B.D. arranged in split –plots with three replications. Sulfur levels were used as main plot and the time when last cutting occurs was sub-plot. Results, showed that addition of sulfur at level more than 1 ton.ha^-1 (2, 3 ton ha^-1) resulted in a significant increasment in the No. of s

This research was conducted during spring and fall seasons, 2015 , at the fields of Field Crop Department – College of Agriculture –University of Baghdad. The objective was to study grain yield and yield components of corn in next generation   as influenced by  harvesting moisture in the first generation  . In spring season 2015 , seeds of the variety 2018 was planted using  75 cm between rows and 25 cm within the rows. When  moisture of the ear grains reach the first treatment (37-42%), ten ears were harvested. Ear harvesting dates were performed manually when the grains had 37-42%, 34-36% , 30-33% , 25- 28% and 19-22%  moisture content.  Then, the  grains were na

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of zinc in dose 15mg/kg.bw daily  taken by the mouth and dexamethasone 4mgIkg.Bw by injection for 30days on some hematological biochemical tests and some histological changes of liver spleen in male rabbits. Thirty rabbits were used that divided into 3 randomized groups (each group contain 10 male rabbits ). Control group was taken normal food and water, Zinc group that gave zinc at dose of 15mg/kg.BW/daily/oral on 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks. Dexamethasone with zinc group : Employ dexamethasone 4mg/Kg.Bw . I.M dialy for 1 and 2 weeks for experiment and at  3, 4^th weeks they gave zn 15mg/lKg.Bw day/orally. Blood samples were taken from the heart directly in 2 and 4weeks

The experiment was conducted at the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Aljadrya campus during the spring season of 2015 to study the response of green beans to the inoculation with nitrogen fixing bacteria including Rhizobium phaseoli, Azotobacter chroococcum, and Azospirillum brasilense and molybdenum. The experiment was carried out according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications each included 11 treatments represent the interactions between nitrogen fixing bacteria strains, molybdenum solo application, molybdenum and bacteria strains interactions, in addition to the recommended nitrogen appli

This study was conducted at Poultry Research Station Animal Resources Research Department–State Board of Agricultural Research/ Ministry of Agriculture in Abu Ghraib, which included two experiment to study the effect of enzyme  supplementing and soaking to the diets of the laying hens containing corn and wheat on productive performance.Three hundred Brown-egg hens (ISA Brown) 40 weeks of age were used in this experiment after preliminary period for two weeks. Layer hens distributed randomly to ten treatments with 2 replicates (15 hens per replicate); and fed on diets according to the age periods in ISA guide. Treatments were as follows: T1: Control group (100% corn).T2: 100% corn with soaking. T3: 100% corn with enzymes. T

Field experiment was conducted during 2015 spring season on Okra(Abelmoschus  esculentus L.Moench) grown under protected cultivation in the Research and Studies Department - Horticulture Office at Abu Ghraib, to study combining ability and some genetic parameters. Six pure lines ( S1 , S2, , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) were crosses using full diallel crosses. The crosses , parents and hybrid H-597 compared , using RCBD, with tow replicates . Results showed that the promise hybrid in the yield per plant and pods number and the number of flowers was S1 × S3, followed by hybrids S3 × S6 and S5 × S3. The gene action for number of flowers and number of pods in diallel and reciprocal hybrids and the early flowering and yield p

A field experiment was conducted during 2014 -2015 and 2015-2016 seasons at the  Field Crops Research Station Abu Ghraib, to study the effect of water stress, on yield and yield components of  bread wheat genotypes .The water stress treatment were 25% (S1) and 75% (S2) depletion of soil available water . The experiments was conucted using a split plot with in arrangement Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Water stress treatments were assigned to the main-plot, while, 27 wheat genotypes  were assigned to sub-plots. The results indicated that water stress treatment (S2)  significantly decreased  the number of spikes m

This experiment was carried out at the Scientific Research Station of the College of Agriculture - University of Baghdad (Al-Jadiriyah), Spring and Autumn seasons 2015, using to Cucumber hybrid Gazeer, to study effect of adding organic material the vegetative growth of Cucumber. The experiment was conducted as factorial experiment (4x3) with in randomized complete Block design, with three replicates, First factor includes four levels of chemical fertilizer (0, 100%, 50% and 25%) of the recommended doses of fertilizers, The second factor was three levels of organic nutrient humic (0, 5kg ha^-1 and 10kg ha^-1). The results showed superiority of the treatment of  interaction C1H2 (NPK 100%+10 kg.ha^-1

This experiment was carried out  at the private nursery located at Baquba city/ Diyala governorate during 2015 agricultural season on three years old Citrus rootstocks seedlings to study the effect foliar application of salicylic acid  on  seedlings tolerance to soil salinity. The experiment included 24 treatment represented  three factors: soil salinity levels (1.14,4.62 and 5.30 dSm^-1) , two levels of salicylic acid (0 and 250 mg.l ^-1) and four citrus rootstocks (Sour orange, Cleopatra mandarin, Volkamariana lemon and Troyercitrange ),and their interactions with three replications . The results showed that: increasing soil salinity&nbsp

An experiment was carried out on the Cactus (Aloe vera L.), two year old plants were planted in one of the fields of Agriculture College - Baghdad University for the season 2015-2016 and planted in pots. The different organic fertilizers used in two (Sewage, poultry manure and sheep manure) and the fertilize used at two levels 7.5% and 5% from the weight of the pot, and organic acid (Com Sol ) at two levels (1.5 and 3) ml and chemical fertilizer NPK (2.5 gm) in addition to control treatment. The experiment carried out within the RCBD with three replicates and four plants for each experimental unit. results were indicated that the sewage treatment at 7.5% caused significantly increased in rates of vegetative characteristi

A pot experiment was conducted at Baghdad site for organic fertilizer  preparation  Plant Protection Directorate during summer of 2014-2015, using sandy Loam texture soil to study the effect of bacterial bio-fertilizer ( Azotobacter  chroococcum  and  Pseudomonas   fluorescens ) and  Compost  on  growth  and  nutrients  content  of  tomato  plants    "Super  queen". Eight treatments were used included  (Control , Azotobacter , pseudomonas, Azotobacter+ psuedomonas , Compost , Azotobacter + Compost  ,  Compost+  psuedomonas , Azotobacter +  psuedomonas + Compost). Complete  Randomized&

A field experiment was conducted in Alshakha area in Alexandria region in 2013, which lies 50 km south of Baghdad province, in order to evaluate the performance of the modified moldboard plow and its effect on some technical indicators of machinery unit percentage of slip, pulling power practice productivity and the size of disturbed soil. complete randomized  block design and split plot design was used tillage depth included  15, 20 and 25 cm, levels with machinery speed included 2.6 and 3.6 km / h which represented sub plot ,were shaded in this study. The result were shoved that the lowest percentage of slippage  and less pulling power and less a matter of the size of the soil and the highest productivity process

The current study was included the use of okra seeds (Abelmoschus esculentus) for preparation of Defatted Okra Powder (DOP), Okra Protein Concentrate (OPC) and Okra Protein Isolate (OPI). Three methods were used to identify the best one for protein concentrate preparation . The concentrate with 72.1% protein was prepared by removal of seed peel, ground, defatting and treated with ethanol. The optimum conditions for  protein isolate preparation were 1:40 (water: DOP), extraction time of 75 minutes, extraction pH 9.0 and the precipitation pH was  4.0. This study also investigated the chemical composition to products that were 50.8,72.1,91.2% protein ,0.88,0.86,0.32 % fat ,8.45,9.94,2.67% ash and 35.23,12.37,3.26%

This experiment was conducted at the farm of field crop department, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad during two summer seasons (2010 and 2011) in order to know the response of cotton var. Lashata to nitrogen levels and spacing between holes. A randomized complete block design under arrangement of split plot with four replications was used. The plant spacing; 10, 20 and 30 cm between holes and 75 cm between rows considered as main plots, while three nitrogen levels (150, 200 and 250 Kg N.ha^-1) are considered as sub plots. The results showed that using 10 cm between hills were significantly superior in boll weight (3.69 and 4.26) gm.boll^-1, seed cotton yield (3.03 and 3.6) t.ha^-1 and li

Green tea is consider as a natural sources of antioxidants used to treat pathological changes occurring as a result of using of many drugs  particularly in the liver tissue. Forty adult male rabbits were randomly divided into four groups (10 rabbits /group) and were treated daily for 30 days as follows: first group (c): is the control group , second group (T₁) : rabbits in this group were allowed to ad libitum supply of drinking water containing 2.5 gm /kg b.w of green tea extract , Third group (T2):  rabbits in this group received 500 mg/kg b.w. of acetaminophen orally,  fourth group (T₃) : rabbits in this group were allowed

The fish sector is considered an important component of the economies of  many countries in the world  including  Arab countries. It is also considered an important component of  food security. This work is considered as the first attempt to study value chain for fish in Iraq. The objective of this study is to identify the main problems and constrains facing different  links in the  value chain of  fish, and to analyse revenue, production costs, and to calculate some  quantitative indicators  like value added. The results showed that average value added of the  different links is amount to: 22.2dinars/kg , 2012.7 dinar/kg, 109.3 dinar/kg, 872.3 dinars/kg from each links hatcheries

The fish sector is considered an important  component of the economies of  many countries in the  world  including Arab countries . This work is considered as the  first  attempt to study value  chain for fish in Iraq. The objective of  this  study is  to identify the main problems and  constraints  facing    different  channels  or  links  the  value  chain of  fish, and  to analyse  revenue, production costs, and to  calculate some  quantitative  indicators  like  value  added . The results  showed  that  average  value  added  of  the  diff

This research aims at achieving the following goals:- the first one is to Identify the actual management of the agricultural agent in knowing the agricultural innovations represented by the following (knowledge diagnosis, the acquiring and generating of knowledge, knowledge updating, knowledge planning, knowledge application publishing and sharing of knowledge, organizing and storing knowledge, knowledge observation). The second one is to identify the role of knowledge management of agricultural agent in improving the extension and field activities, the next one is to find out the relation between the aspects of the role of management of agricultural agent in knowing the agricultural innovation with improving the extension activi

The research aimed  to determine the overall quality standards through literature and specialists and overall quality experts , and to identifying the applied level by managers in some provinces of the central region . In order to achieve the objectives of the research , the researcher developed five scale ranging from grades ' ( 0-4 ) degree for the purpose of identifying the level of application of total quality standards for program planning by managers in the provinces of the central region , included (73) items distributed on (10) axes and ( 4) field (inputs , processes , outputs , feedback ) . The research was conducted on  a random sample of 50%  of Iraqi mi

Laboratory experiment was carried out in order to study the adsorption of Fe as FeEDDHA  as related to some soil properties in six calcareous soils from the middle of Iraq. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations were used for describing Fe adsorption. The best equation was chosen according  to highest value of r, r² and t and least value of Standard error of estimate.   The results showed that Freunglich equation was more efficient for describing Fe sorption  compared with other physicochemical equations used, depending on highest values of, r  (0.985),  r² (0.970) and t ( 20.01) and lower standard error SE.e (0.186). Maximum adsorption capacity