The aim of this research was to estimate the production function to measure returns to scale and distribution efficiency of  resources used in the production of wheat. Cross sectional data used of a random sample of 130 farmers in Dhi Qar Province. The results of the quantitative analysis of estimating production function showed that the double logarithmic form was the best estimated model based on economic and statistical indicators. However, that form suffered from heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation, so the robust regression technique was chosen. Value of returns to scale was 0.89 and this indicates decreasing returns to scale. This means that production function is in the second stage

Body weights at birth (469), weaning (394) and at six month of age (358) for kids utilized in this study were raised at private project in Duhok governorate, Iraq during two kidding season (2016-2017) and (2017-2018). GLM within SAS programme was used to analyze the data which include the fixed effects (age of doe, year and season of kidding, sex of kid and type of birth, regression on doe weight at kidding, and the regression of later weights of kids on earlier weights) influencing the studied traits. Restricted Maximum Likelihood Method was used to estimate repeatability, heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations after adjusting the records for fixed effects. Variance components of random effects were tested for positiv

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of new production system of local Kurdish slow-growing broilers with special emphasis on organic technique. A total of 360 one-day-old chicks  mixed local slow-growing broiler genotype were distributed randomly into six treatments: (T1) control, feeding ad libitum commercial diet (indoor), (T2) feeding ad libitum  organic (indoor), (T3) feeding commercial % 75+ pasture, (T4) feeding organic % 75+  pasture, (T5) feeding commercial ad libitum  + pasture, and (T6) feeding organic ad libitum  + pasture. Each treatment consists of 60 birds with three replicates per treatment, 20 birds replicate. The results indicated that organi

This study was aimed to determine the residual concentrations of pesticides used in greenhouse cucumber fields and their effects on the farmers that spray it. Sixteen active cucumber greenhouse fields with 96 people (75 sprayers and 21 volunteers as control) randomly had been selected. In all selected greenhouses, abamectin, thiamethoxam, pyridabin, and spirodiclofen pesticides were used, their cucumber with leaves and groundwater collected in December 2017, March, June, and September 2018 with workers blood samples, were immediately brought to the laboratory. Results showed the occurrence of residual pesticides in the plant and groundwater samples with a highest

Worldwide, Prosopis Genus is widely spread and well known to be of high tolerance to harsh conditions. The P. juliflora and P. cineraria species were introduced to the Mediterranean, while P. farcta is a native one. The genomic structure of the chloroplast of P. juliflora, P. cineraria and P. farcta were targeted in this study. The chloroplast DNA samples were sequenced by genetic analyzer sequencer “Ion S5™ System. The results indicated the size of the genome to be ranged between 162900 bp in P. farcta and 163667 bp in P. cineraria. The full chloroplast of P. juliflora and P. cineraria genome were reported for the first time nationally

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of bio stimulators )chitosan and Appetizer( in reducing the heat stress on maize during spring season. Field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm, Coll. of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadiriya, Iraq, during the seasons of 2020 and 2021. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Blocks Design within split plot arrangement, with three replicates. Where the main plots included two cultivars of maize )Baghdad3 and cultivar 5018(, while the sub plots included five levels of chitosan and Appetizer:(soaking seeds with Chitosan at a concentration of 100 and 500 mg L^-1, and spraying with Chitosan 100 mg L^-1, and spra

Field experiments were conducted at two locations, Grdarasha Research Field Station, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University – Erbil and Aquban special farm using randomized complete block design (RCBD) during two seasons 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 to study the effect of different plant densities and compost fertilizer of solid waste management and sorting of Akre district-Duhok province and NPK  (20:20:20) fertilizer on growth and edible portion characteristics of Gundelia rosea. The results indicated that the plants of the two years age in the both locations produce the highest value of length, dimeter, fresh and dry weight of edible portion with space i

This study being performed at the central laboratory for graduate students Animal Resources Department / College of Agriculture / University of Baghdad/Aljadrea and in laboratory of applied microbiology Department, Food and Biotechnology Center /Directorate of Agriculture Research / Baghdad, Iraq. Wild strain of local ligninolytic bacteria of genus Streptomyces MS  isolated from Iraq camel degrade feces was used to pre- treated of low quality roughages in in vitro fermentation. Roughages wheat straw (WS), corncobs (Cc), alfalfa hay (AH) was pre- treated with wild strain of genus Strepto

The objective concerning this study was to decide aggregation flavonoid content (TFC) primarily based of flavonoid-aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) and antioxidant activity by spectrophotometric method and determination of against bacterial action in Viola odorata (natural plant) utilizing reaction surface philosophy. Homegrown prescription or restorative plants have prompted the disclosure of various new medications, then non-tranquilize substances. Among it flora are kinds of the range group Viola has a region including family violaceae then accommodates round 19 species of comparable sort. Viola odorata (Banafsha) has considerable cell antioxidant properties. The among vitro reco

This study was aimed to testing 25 genotypes (5 parents + 10 diallel + 10 reciprocal crosses) using full Diallel mating design in winter season 2021-2022 for F₂ generation of common wheat, in two locations. The first was in Qlyasan Agricultural Research Station, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences; University of Sulaimani located (Lat 35° 34′; N, Long 45° 21′; E, 765 MASL), the second was in Koya Agricultural Station-Ministry of Agricultural (Lat 36° 04′; N, Long 44° 37′; E, 582 MASL). The results of the study confirmed that the mean squares of genotypes was highly significant for all characters in both locations, the same for the mean squares for gca with the exception of grain weight plant^-1

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of propolis [(crud propolis and Water Ethanol Extract Propolis (WEEP)] as feed additive on biochemical and immunological in common carp Cyprinus carpio challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. A total of 60 C. carpio, (75±10g) were randomly stocked into five treated groups in duplicate as follows: control group (C) fish were fed basal diet without any addition of propolis; T1 fish were fed basal diet supplemented with 10g/kg crud propolis; T2, T3 and T4 fish were fed WEEP at concentrations of 2g, 4g and 8 g/kg diet.Results indicated that The highest albumin content was found in T1 which showed a significant increase (P≤0.5) compared to C+

The current study was aimed to ascertain the impact of ciprofloxacin, an acidifier acid, and a Bacillus subtilis on immunological function and growth efficiency after a starter-phase challenge with Salmonella pullorum. 250 broiler chicks (Ross 308) were put into five groups of fifty each, all groups except the fifth group, orally challenged with S. pullorum at one day old, and provided with a supplement in drinking water after three days as follow G1: treated with B. subtilis (2×10⁷ CFU/g) (250 g/1000 L). G2: treated with acidifier acid (0.5-1 ml/L). G3: treated with ciprofloxacin 10% (0.5 ml/L). G4: only infected with S. pullorum. G5: control negative. Th

This study was aimed to determine the optimum conditions of urease extracted from different plant sources and evaluate its biochemical properties. Eighteen types of plants commonly used namely Tomato, Chickpea, Sesame, Mustard, Lebbeck, Watermelon, Soybean, Cotton, Male Iraqi berries, Female Iraqi berries, Indian berries, Pumpkin, Muskmelon, Legumes, Cowpea, Radish, Pisum and Phaseolus were taken and tested for the presence and activity of urease. Cotton (Gossypium barbadense) was selected as the plant source with highest specific enzymatic activity among them (2.51 U/mg protein) when extracted the enzyme after ground seeds using 0.15 M of tris base buffer pH 8.5 at a ratio 1:10 (w:v) fo

 The research aimed to study the effect of natural and nano zinc oxide on some growth parameters of common carp Cyprinus carpio. Seven treatments were used, including the control without any addition, the second, third and fourth treatments by adding nano-zinc oxide at concentrations of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg feed, respectively, and the fifth, sixth and seventh treatments by adding natural zinc oxide in the same concentrations above. The results showed that the fourth treatment was superior to the traits of the total weight gain, daily growth rate, relative and specific growth rate over the other treatments, which is an indication that the fis

This research investigates the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial efficacy of Ipomoea pes-caprae extracts collected from Pantai Talang Siring Pamekasan, Madura. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins in the extracts, indicating their rich bioactive profile. Antioxidant activity assessed via the DPPH assay demonstrated concentration-dependent scavenging of free radicals, with methanol and ethanol extracts exhibiting superior activity compared to the aqueous extract. Antibacterial assays against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus revealed significant inhibitory effects, with methan

Since phosphorus (P) is lower in agricultural areas with acid sandy soil, it runs out in different parts of crop plants after harvesting. To boost growth and development in the next cropping system, only overuse of inorganic phosphate fertilizers can adversely affect agricultural sustainability. Phosphate-solubilizing fungi like Candida tropicalis play a role in plant P nutrition through soil P dynamics and growth hormones. Three PSF isolates (Sw01, Pu02, and Pu04) from bulk soil of fresh corn were tested for optimal media and incubation times. The results showed that Sw01 produced the highest population of 593.33×10⁸CFU L⁻¹ when cultured<

Barley is the second cereal crop grown after wheat in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Low rainfall and high-temperature impact barley yields. A study investigating an F₃ population of 100 segregated lines derived from a cross between Clipper, an Australian cultivar known for its high yield, and Local black, a cultivar recognized for its stress tolerance. The segregated F₃ lines were assessed under two different environmental conditions at the Grdarash research station in Erbil and the Qlyasan research station in Sulaimani. The field trial data for the F₃ population experienced analysis of variance and normality tests. Direct selection of high-yielding genotypes is challenging due to the complexity o

This study aimed to assess the role of kaolin in reducing the adverse effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosain common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Specifically, the histopathological alterations in kidney, spleen and liver were investigated.   Firstly, P. aeruginosa was isolated from infected fish. A total of 100 fish (40.8 ± 2 g)were divided into five groups in duplicate (10 fish in each replicate) as:control healthy (C-) group uninfected and without kaolin treatment; (C+): fish were infected with P. aeruginosa and without kaolin treatment. Group T1,   T2 and T3 fish were infected experimentally with P. aeruginosa (LD₅₀₌ 2±0.2×10⁹ CFU ml^-1),

The experiment was carried out in southwest Baghdad during fall season 2021 and spring season 2022 that aimed to study the effect of biological inoculation, phosphate fertilization and spraying with Brasinolide on the growth and production of industrial potato of the Arsenal cultivar , the experiment carried out as a three-factors experiment (4 × 3 × 3) in (RCBD), bio-fertilizers distributed into main plot and interaction between phosphorus levels and Brassinolide growth regulator within sub plot using three replicates Bio-fertilizers included Aspergillus niger fungus alone and Bacillus Megaterium bacteria alone and the combination between them. Phosphorus treatments included three levels (0.100, 200) kg p₂

This study was aimed to investigate variations in some soil properties characteristics of green spaces soils within Baghdad Island Park and Al-Zawraa parks in Baghdad province, Iraq, due to the variation in used management methods. Soil samples were obtained from 22 locations in each park at 0-30 cm depth using a GARMEN GPS device (Oregon650t). Satellite images (Landsat 8 satellite and an OLI sensor) were captured with a 30 x 30 m² spatial resolution. The research aims to study the effect of the management method of the two parks (BID and Al-Zawra) on some soil pedological characteristics. The results showed a variation in the spatial distribution of the soil texture classes at each park due to particle size distribution varia

This study was aimed to investigate Genetically Modified (GM) Soybean and corn, in some foodstuffs, using molecular screening method based on Polymerase chain Reaction (PCR). To achieve that, a total of 60 food product samples containing corn and soy bean were collected from markets of Suleimania /Iraq. PCR was first applied to detect the presence of soybeans and corn using species specific primers. For the general screening of the GM foods, primers targeting the genetic elements that located in the majority of transgenic crops were used, which named NOS terminator and CaMV 35S promoter.   Then primers targets specific events in these crops were used, which are GTS 40-3-2, or (RRS) and B t11 in soybeans and corn respectively. T

Pomegranate is a self-pollinated species crop, and its improvement programmes depend on molecular genetics and phenotypic variation. However, inadequate information on genetic diversity and population structure among pomegranate genotypes from this region and the variations in phytochemicals hinder its improvement. In this study, 40 pomegranate samples were chosen from 11 locations to represent the genetic spectrum from the Halabja Province. The pomegranate samples were tested using 23 Hypervariable SSRs (HvSSRT) and 19 newly developed Chloroplast SSRs (cpSSR) markers. The highest values of pH (4.40), TSS (16.774 °Brix), density (1066.5 kg/m³), glucose (72.408 mg/ml), fructose (60.071 mg/ml), cyanidin-3-glucoside (71.984 mg/L

This study was aimed to investigate the impact of starch isolation methods from wheat (Buhooth 22) and rice (Anbar ) on the chemo physical , functional properties and final yield of starch .The starch isolated from wheat using three different methods (Dough ball (DB),Batter method( BM) , Alkaline method),and from rice using Alkaline extraction (NaOH 0.15%) .The obtained results showed that the yield of the isolated starch for wheat ranged from (42.6-63.0)% ,and the highest percentage achieved using alkaline isolation (NaOH 0.15%) was 61% and 63% for DBS , As for rice the highest yield was 72.30%,while the lowest yield for wheat  using alkaline solution (0.50% NaOH) was (42.6)% . Amylose percentages in wheat starch reached to 55.3% i

A field experiment was conducted at the experimental field, Dept. of Field Crop , Coll. of Agric. Univ. of Baghdad during the yeans of 2010 and 2011 to study growth and yield of peanut as affected by planting methods and plant population. A factorial arrangement in RCBD design with four replications were used , with two factors, the first one: three planting methods (planting on East, West and Twin rows) and the second factor: four spacing between plants (15, 25, 35 and 45) cm. The results showed that the planting method on east produced highest dry weight (117.51, 100.64) g.plant^-1, growth rate (625.10, 532.40) mg.plant^-1.day^-1 , seed yield per plant (25.16, 32.25)g.plant^-1, protein pe

This research was carried out at the Swerah Research Station –Office of Agricultural Researches during  2014-2015 seasons. The objective of this research was evaluation bread wheat  (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes ,which concluded 15 pure lines in seventh generation, which developed by half dialld method between 6 parents ,The experiment was conducted using split plot arrangement with RCBD design with three replicates ,The main plots content four seeding rates (120, 160, 200 and 240 kg.ha^-1 ), while the 21 genotypes occupied sub plots .The two pure lines S97 and S148 superoired to all other genotypes except A4.10 and Abu-Ghraib  in grain yield which, produced 6.35 and 6.09 t.ha^-1 .

The study was conducted on 118 partridges (Alectoris graeca) chicks in order to find the effect of non-genetic factors and genetic evaluation of live weight and carcass of this bird. The results showed a highly significant superiority of the weights of males over females in most age stages (437.71 ± 4.40 vs 375.90 ± 3.66 g/ bird at marketing age) and daily weight gain (ADG) from one day to marketing age (4.70 ± 0.06 vs 4.01 ± 0.04 g/ day/bird). The breeding values (BLUP) ​​of birds for marketing weight ranged from -135.4 g/bird to 56 g/bird. Significant differences were recorded between groups of birds with high and low BLUP values ​​in the average live weight at market (464.21 ± 11.03 vs 352.80 ± 6.47 g/bi

The present study was aimed to find the most common causative agents relates to skin ulceration in most common fish farming (ponds and cages) affects Cyprinus carpio in Wasit province harvested from three different regions. The laboratory isolation and detection of bacteria in this study was carried out in medical laboratory techniques in Middle Technical University and Central Public Health Laboratory in Baghdad from September to December 2020. For this study 240 infected common carp Cyprinus carpio L. were used, 120 samples from cages and 120 samples from ponds. Samples were taken from three regions, which represented the north, central, and south of the governorate. Samples from skin ulcers were taken from af

This study was conducted at the different geographical regions at the north of Iraq; during the field trips, many samples of individuals of two genera Valeriana L. and Valerianella Miller were collected. The fruits of specimens morphologically have been inspected, and some parts of fruits were anatomically examined by paraffin method, from both studies the diagnostic characteristics of fruits were determined. This study was proved the morphological characteristics of significance within genera and species levels, while anatomical features had a large role in separation between the two studied genera, it was proved that the cross-sectional outlines of fruits played a significant role in delimiting among species o

This study was aimed to investigate weeds kind in palm plantations. Date palm is the most chief economic crop in most countries of the Arabian Peninsula. Many factors, such as the presence of weeds, may cause a huge loss in the production of dates. Despite the severe damage caused by the presence of some weeds in agroecosystems, many weeds have many medicinal and economic uses. A total of 62 species were listed in palm Plantations in Tabuk and Al-Qassim Regions. A total of 51 species were listed in Tabuk Region (The number of unique species in the Tabuk Region reached 32 that not recorded in Al-Qassim Region. Also, 19 species were recorded in both of Tabuk and Al-Qassim Regions). A total of 30 weeds were listed i

The objectire of the present study was to investigate the effect of nutritional additive of associated phytogenic P.E.P. and organic acids supplemented in drinking water on their, blood parameters, lipid profile and intestinal histomorphology in broilers. For this purpose, 240 chicks (Ross-308) one-day old were divided randomly into 6 equal groups each group 40 chicks as follow. G1supplemented with( 0.015 cc Essential Oil (EO) with Aromatic Oil (AO) 0.5cc/L) , G2  add (AO 2cc/L) ,G3 was mix (EO 0.06cc with AO 1,5cc/L) ,G4(0.03 EO with1cc AO/L ,G5 0,12cc EO /L and control (G6) group was fed the basal diet ,the results of blood parameters were indicated significant (P≤