This study was conducted to show the relationship between some soil properties and land productivity from wheat and barely crops. The study area located in Al-Muwafaqia – Waset Govornorate / central of Iraq. General soil data were collected from previous soil survey work done in 1992 ,and new soil samples from the same profile location were collected to determine some soil properties . The actual land productivity from Wheat and Barely crops were collected from the same selected sites . The results indicate some variations in land productivity for the selected  crops and wheat productivity was higher than barely productions. Wheat productivity was ranged from 2000  to 2350  kg.ha^-1 with mean of 2118.75

An experiment was conducted under greenhouse condition at a farm located in AlImary district east of Baghdad to study the effect of sheep manure water extract on the growth of tomato plants var. Wijdan during the season of 2014-2015.The experiment was consisted of 14 treatments which included of sheep manure with hot (42^ْC) and lmbient (20^ْC) Water temperature applied either by foliar at 25% and 50% concentration or directly to the soil at 50% and 100% concentration splited to 7 applications control treatments either distilled water as foliar and recommended chemical fertilizers (applied to soil). The experiment was design

The experiment was carried out at the field of Field Crop - College of Agriculture-Univ. of Baghdad, during spring and fall seasons of 2013, under two levels of Nitrogen; 200 and 400 kg N.ha^-1, by using Randomized Complete Block Design, with four replications. The objectives of the experiment were to estimate the genotypic, phenotypic and environmental correlations and path coefficient of yield and its components that correlated with yield to rely on them as selection criteria  for high yield of maize. Results of statistical analysis showed that studied  traits contributed with 99% and 85% of yield variance at spring and fall under 200 kg N.ha^-1. respectively, and 99% and 93% of yield variance at s

This study aimed to investigate the effect of spraying benzyladenine and phosphorus on growth, flowering, and medicinal active compound content of Calendula officinalis cultivar "Bon Bon” under wooden shade conditions. The experiment was conducted using a factorial experiment within Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates, examining two factors: benzyladenine at three concentrations (0, 50, and 100 mg L^-1) and phosphorus at three concentrations (0, 2.5, and 5 mg L^-1). The results indicated that benzyladenine (BA2) and phosphorus (P2) treatments significantly enhanced vegetative and floral growth, including plant spread, height, leaf number, branch n

This research was aimed at analyzing the saving behavior of Saudi households in AL-HASA governorate, the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Data was collected via questionnaire randomly distributed to a sample of 308 Saudi households. The poverty line income was estimated as equivalent to break-even level in saving function, was estimated at 10500 Saudi Riyals per month. Using OLS method consumption and saving functions for Saudi households in AL-HASA governorate were estimated.  The marginal propensity to save for poor was higher than that of non-poor households with a statistically significant difference of about 0.35. This indicates that poor households are more willing to save compared to non-poor households if income incre

To evaluate the impact of two medicinal plants Quercus infectoria and Astragalus eriocephalus on digestibility, milk yield, its compositions and economic efficiency, twenty eight lactating Awassi ewes at their mid-lactation were selected based on their pre-treatment milk yield, were divided into four groups and fed ration containing 1% Gall oak, 2% Astragalus, 0.5% Gall oak with 1% Astragalus, and Control. Twelve ewe lambs were used to study the effect of rations on the digestibility. Herbal active compounds were obtained by GC-MS analysis. Results revealed that fifty-six and twenty-four compounds identified in Astragalus eriocephalus and Quercus infectoria samples, with the major compound bein

This study was performed at a private orchard in the Ekmale area of Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, during the seasons of 2016 and 2017 to investigate the effects of foliar sprays of three concentrations of aminoplasmal (0, 100, 200 ml.L⁻¹), three concentrations of boron (0, 200, 300 mg. L⁻¹) and three concentrations of zinc (0, 400, 600 mg. L⁻¹) on fruit set and yield characteristics of 14-years old "Halaby" pistachio. The factorial experiment within randomized complete block design was used. Foliar spraying of studied elements was applied at twice during growing seasons. The res

Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides (LDH) as highly effective clay adsorbents coating activated carbon derived from agricultural waste (AW) were prepared by activation of date palm leaf base (LB) synthesized on Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides. FTIR, SEM and EDS were used to characterize the obtained adsorbent for the copper removal from aqueous solutions. The evaluation of adsorption performances was carried out at various metal concentrations, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and pH. The pseudo-second-order kinetic and the Langmuir isotherm model showed a good compliance with the experimental data, the result demonstrated that the improving adsorption capacity and fast rating adsorption for Cu²⁺ resulted from successful in

This study was aimed to reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases from diesel engines used in agriculture. Indicators are provided for a technical assessment of the efficiency of exhaust gas cleaning for diesel engines that have a significant impact on agricultural crops. A scheme for the installation of a common device to reduce the exhaust toxicity of diesel engines on the YaMZ-238 engine was described during the test and a research methodology is presented. The main results obtained during the improved toxicity testing device installed on the ULTZ-700 tractor are given with the YaMZ-238 engine, which fully reflects the efficiency of cleaning emissions. The reliability graphs are designed to characterize cleaning ef

A field study was conducted to observe the effects of chemical fruit thinning and their time of application on fruit yield and quality of date palm cv. Khalas at Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Fourteen date palm trees were randomly selected for the experiment, which was laid out on two-factorial randomized complete block design having six replicates for each treatment. Factor-one comprised of the six chemical (ammonium thiosulphate at 1, 2, and 3% and ethephon at 100, 200 and 300ppm) excluding control, whereas the second factor was the time of application of these two chemical thinners (5 and 10 days after pollination). The findings of this study indicated that the chemical fruit th

The aim of this study was to estimate the profit and cost functions as well as economic, price, cost, and technical efficiencies beside the other economic indices at actual, optimal and profit-maximizing output of rice. A random sample of 240 rice  farms in Nejaf province was used during the agricultural season 2016. From efficiency scales of profit function, it was shown that the output quantity had the greatest impact on the profit compared to other variables (average output costs and price). According to the cost function, the optimum output level and the profit- maximizing output  level for the short run were 64.84 tons and 117.4 tons respectively. The lowest price

The aim of this study was extraction of jojoba oil using different solvents. A mixture of water-hexane and water-ethanol are used as solvents to extract jojoba oil in a batch extraction process and compared with a pure solvent extraction process. The effects of particle size of crushed seeds, solvent-to-water ratio and time on jojoba oil extraction were investigated. The best recovery of oil was obtained at the boiling temperature of the solvent and four hour of extraction time. When seed particle size was 0.45 mm and a pure ethanol was used (45% yield of oil extraction), whereas, it was 40% yield of oil at 25% water- hexane mixture. It was revealed that the water-ethanol and water-hexane mixtures have an effect on the oil extrac

    This study was aimed to investigate synthesis and characterization of two ligands type (azo-linked Schiff-base) with its complexes. Precursor (W) obtained by reaction of diazonium salt of 1-Naphthyl amine with O-tolidin in water as a solvent via 2:1 mole ratio. Azo-linked Schiff-base ligands synthesized via the reaction of 3, 3'- dimethyl-5,5'-bis((E)-pyridin-3-yldiazenyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine with curcumun or dibenziyl methan for obtaining 4, 4', 4'', 4'''- ((1E, 1'E, 6E, 6'E) - ( (3, 3'- dimethyl-5, 5'-bis((E)-pyridin-3-yldiazenyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl) bis (azaneylylidene)) bis(5-hydroxyhepta-1,6-diene-1,7-diyl-3-ylidene))tetrakis(2-methoxyphenol) (H₂L¹) or 3,3'-(

This study was conducted on 67 local doe goat, aged from 2-5 years old. The overall mean of TMY, DMY and lactation length of 1^st and 2nd flocks were (130.541 ± 7.403 kg, 0.716 ± 0.033kg, and 182.432 ± 4.112 day) and (164.043 ± 8.788 kg, 0.832 ± 0.043 kg, 197.027 ± 2.650 day), respectively. The flock, age of doe, doe coat color, month of kidding and type of birth have significant effect on TMY and DMY, doe in 2^nd flock production 33.502 and 0.116 kg milk/doe, respectively more than doe in 1^st flock. Doe of five years old yielded (181.878 ± 10.171 kg /doe) and (0.892 ± 0.044 kg /doe/day) more milk than young doe. Doe kidding in Januarys were consistently produced high significantly (p≤0.00

This study was aimed to extract, purify and characterize the pancreatic elastase from the Catfish (silurus trioseegus) digestive duct. Different extraction solutions were used to optimize the extraction condition being (Distilled water, 200 mM NaCl, Phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 8), the latter buffer Tis-HCl (100 mM, pH 8) both  containing 0-100 mM NaCl or CaCl₂ separately). Tris-HCl buffer containing 100 mM CaCl₂ was the best among the rest extraction solutions. The crude extract was precipitated using a 30 % - 55 % of ammonium sulfate saturation ratio. The crude precipitate was dissolved in the same buffer and dialyzed. Then the dialyzed preci

This research was aimed to study and analyze the impact of the shocks of the agricultural net terms of trade (NBTT) on agricultural product (AP) in Iraq during the period (1990 – 2021), which are among the shocks affecting the agricultural sector and foreign trade, the research used quantitative approaches in estimating the levels of impact, including VAR model, variance decomposition analysis (VDA) and impulse response function (IRF). The results showed that VDA of AP was weak in respect of agricultural NBTT and vice versa. While IRF of NBTT was negative in respect of Ap, and the same result was for IRF of AP. The study recommended the need to consider strategies to support smallholder farmers, such as providing access to cred

The study was conducted us to identify the genetic features of the microsatellite markers CSSM66 and ETH10 and ILSTS34 and their relationship to genetic diversity and productive performance  this study was carried  out using 100 cows of five breeds presented in Iraq ; Restaki (n=10) , Janoubi (n=10) , Sharabi (n=10) , (local), Holstein (n=50) and  male Brahman (n=20) (imported).The results showed the presence of a very high diversity and a highly significant difference in a sample of studied cows in the allele distribution ratios for the three markers, the results showed a significant effect (P≤0.05) superiority of the genotype LY within the ETH10 marker in the least number of inseminatons required for fertilizat

Electrospun Whey protein membranes reinforced with electrospun chromium oxide nanofibers were utilized for the packaging of beef burger, which were subsequently frozen and stored for 3 months. The chromium oxide nanofibers were incorporated into the membranes at two concentrations 6, 8 %. The study exhibited promising results for the electrospun nanofibers, as their addition contributed to reducing the total bacterial count, psychrophilic bacterial count, and coliform count during the storage period, at both concentrations: 4.89 × 10³, 4.36 × 10³, 3.28 × 10¹, 2.48 × 10³, and 2.79 × 10³ colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g), respectively. Meanwhile, the moisture, protein,

This study was amied to investigate morphological  characteristics of pollen grains  and fruits for eleven species belonging to the tribe Brassiceae of cruciferae family, species are: Brassica rapa L , Braasica deflexa Boiss. ,Brassica nigra (L.) brassica juncea(L.), Brassica tournefortii Gouan, Brassica oleracea L.,  sinapis arvensis L., Hirschfeldia incana(L.) ,Savignya paraflora(Del.) ,Raphanus sativus L. ,Eurca sativa Mill., pollen grains were studied morphologically and  all dimentions were recorded. The result of this study  showed that most pollen grains are tricolpate ,their size varied between small ,medium

This study was aimed to isolate and identify fungi contaminating raisin samples and evaluate the effectiveness of bacteria in inhibiting fungal growth and reducing toxin levels. The isolation results the fungus A. flavus was the most frequent and appeared in the samples, reaching 54.5 and 44.4%, respectively. The results showed that all isolates of A. flavus had the ability to produce aflatoxin B1, as confirmed by the ammonia vapor test. The isolate with the highest toxin production was identified through nucleotide sequences deposited in the World Genomic Organization's Gene Bank under accession number OR192858. The results demonstrated the ability of the live bacteria

Genetic characterization in native livestock is essential to conserve the genetics standard of livestock for pure-breeding programs.  This research aimed to characterize four Indonesian cattle breeds using 156 sites of Parentage SNP Markers, includingARS-USMARC-Parent (119 sites) and ARS-USMARC (37 sites).  Total of 113 mixed-sex animals were used for the evaluation, including 16 Bali (Bos javanicus), 16 Madura (Bos indicus), 33 Ongole grade (Bos indicus), and 48 Sumba Ongole (Bos indicus) cattle breeds. Results showed Bali, Madura, and Ongole lineage (Ongole grade and Sumba Ongole) cattle can be discriminated against with the Parentage SNP Markers. The pairwise genetic distance analy

This study was conducted to isolate the bacteria Pseudomonase fluorescens from the termite, locust, and American cockroach in the Iraqi environment and to diagnose it based on morphological, biochemical, and molecular diagnosis using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as well as test its pathogenicity and efficacy to termites under laboratory conditions. The results of morphological , biochemical, and molecular diagnosis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests showed the isolated bacterial isolates are similar to P. fluorescens .The results of efficiency of different isolates of P. fluorescens showed that they have a high pathogenicity towards termite workers in laboratory  and incubation con

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of sublethal concentrations of lead chloride on physiological and histopathological studies in Gambusia affinis . A total of 500 fish were collected from the bank of the river east of Mosul city. The fish in the aquarium were divided into five groups (control, acute exposure(20,25mg/l) and chronic exposure(5,10mg/l)). The bioaccumulation of lead in acute and chronic periods of exposure showed a significant difference in values between control and treatment. The greatest level was seen in the kidney of fish treated with lead dichloride at 10 mg/l for 30 days. The level of antioxidant Glutathione has a significant decrease in different kidneys of fish treated with pbcl₂ expos

This research was aimed to investigate effect of the convection conditions resulted from surface heating at different weather condition on movement track of radiosonde. Data used in this study divided to surface local weather from Baghdad airport station and reanalysis weather surface data from European center medium weather forecast (ECMWF) that contain also advance parameter parameters such as sensible heat flux and boundary layer height and other, all have large accurate spatial distribution inside and outside Baghdad province. Third type data from radiosonde used to observed atmospheric upper layer through selected days from winter season (January month) and summer season (July month) all at time 12AM. Software installed in r

This study was aimed to save Thompson Seedless grapes and quality has been preserved through cold storage using an edible covering made from propolis and aloe vera gel. Thompson grapes have high value economically, but after they are picked, their shelf life is reduced due to a rapid decline in quality. Based on the rapid weight loss, low carotene content, softening, and frequent berry degradation, uncoated berries exhibited a rapid deterioration at 5°C and 85–90% relative humidity (RH). On the contrary, the above criteria relating to post-harvest quality losses were greatly delayed in those berries treated with propolis and aloe vera gel and may extend the storability up to 30 days at 5°C. I

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of commercial Sulfuric acid, phosphorous, iron, and zinc application on Phosphorus, Iron, Zinc Availability in Calcareous Soil and Yield of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), in an agricultural field at College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad / Iraq during the autumn season of 2021, in silty loam soil using Split Plot Design in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Sulfuric acid H₂SO₄ added with irrigation water at 0 and 2 ml L^-1. Phosphorus was added to the soil at (0, 50, 75 and 100%) from the recommended level (65 kg P ha^-1) as TSP (2

This research was aimed to identify the reality of extension managers’ practice of participatory leadership in the agricultural extension system from view of agricultural extension workers in Iraq, through a questionnaire include 22 items distribute over three. The research community include all 15 province of Iraq, A random sample is taken from the province of Iraq (53%) and (8) province, namely (Dhi Qar, Maysan, Holy Karbala, Al-Qadisiyah, Babylon, Anbar, Diyala, Kirkuk) and a proportional, stratified random sample of (51%) is taken from agricultural extension workers distribute among the agricultural directorates and training extension centers, the number is (307, 133) and (157, 68) respectively, The results of revealed that the rea

This stady was aimed to investigate effect of treatment with 0, 0.25 and 0.50 mM of Glutathione (GSH) and 0, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L^-1 of Gibberellic acid (GA₃) in enhancing the growth of calli cultures was tested under normal and critical concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl). The experiments were conducted during October, 2022 to June 2023 at the plant tissue culture laboratory in Center of Desert Studies, University of Anbar. The experiments designed according to the complete randomized design (CRD). The critical limit of NaCl in calli cultures was determined after 35 days of cultivation in MS medium. The res

This study was aimed to identify the role of barley prolamin (BP) hydrolysates which prepared from local barley (class Ibaa 99), prolamins isolate using pepsin and trypsin (individually - synergistically) in inhibiting the ACE 1 and as antioxidant agent. The Amino acids (AAs) content of barley protein were estimated by HPLC technique, and barley prolamin (BP) was isolated from whole barley flour (WBF) using 70% ethyl alcohol, and then purified depending IP and centrifugation. Prolamin molecular weight (M.wt) was determined using the electrophoresis technique. Barley prolamin isolate (BPI) subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using 20U of pepsin and trypsin separately and synergistically for 8 h. Ali

The aim of the study investigates the molecular diagnosis between (the Avian encephalomyelitis virus and Newcastle disease virus and differentiating the infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) strategies. The 1^st detection by RT-PCR for(PMV-1) as primary detection then, the samples were prepared as in FTA card Whatman^® and sent to (AniCon Labs) Germany to detect by one step RT-PCR (DIVA technique) between NDV and AEV   genotype. The result of the molecular investigation as primary detection revealed three samples were positive with Ct values (34.0, 26.6, and 35.8) respectively. Then, in the detection of AEV the result showed all samples were negative. finally, by using (DIVA) with two primers to detect ge