As a result of different quality standards for irrigation water and the varying ion composition, and the fact that classification of irrigation water consists of large and complex data, this study was conducted in order to find a way for combining the complex water quality data into a single value, a quality of irrigation water index (IWQI) which reflects the suitability of the water quality for irrigation. Irrigation water quality variables were divided into five groups according to Food and Agriculture Organization FAO guide. The order of the parameters were, Salinity expressed in electrical conductivity (EC), Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Toxicity of specific ions (boron, chloride, sodium, Toxic trace elements and Miscellaneo

This experiment was carried out at the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, during the spring season of 2015 to study the effect of nitrogen fixing bacterial bio-fertilizers including Rhizobium phaseoli, Azotobacter  chroococcum, and Azospirillum brasilense and molybdenum on growth and yield of green beans. The experiment was conducted according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications each included 11 treatments represent the interactions between nitrogen fixing bacteria strains, molybdenum solo application, molybdenum and bacteria strains interactions, in addition to the recommended nitrogen

A field experiment was carried out at the Horticulture Dept. Fild– Coll. Agric,University of Baghdad , to study the response of  red cabbage to the adding  wheat peat  and spraying its extract and organic nutrient vegeamino on qualitative characteristics of  heads , using Raissa hybrid , during winter season of  2015-2016 . Afactorial experiment using Randomized Complete Block Design(RCBD) with threere plicaes were canducted , The  First fatcor includes five levels of  fertilizers , wethout-fertilizer (P0) , recommended chemical fertilizer ( 100 N ,120P205and120K2O  kg . h ^-1

This study aimed to determine the contribution of women in diversifying sources of farm income, thereby improving the standard of living of the rural family, through their work in various primary and secondary agricultural production activities. Rural women in Iraq constitute a large part of the family's farm work. In addition to her paid work on other farms. Despite the significant role of rural women's contribution to production processes. However, the percentage of their participation in some agricultural operations is less than that of men due to their limited control over production and marketing decisions. This is reflected negatively in their ability to generate income. The research used cross-sectional data for a random s

A study was conducted to investigate the most sensitive, early, and precise methods for detecting pregnancy in Iraqi She-camels using plasma progesterone levels, ultrasonography, and rectal palpation techniques. The study involved twelve multiparous, non-lactating one-humped She-camels.The sensitivity of plasma progesterone for diagnosing pregnant She-camels decreased (P ≤ 0.01) from 100% at day 20 post-mating (PM) to 80% during subsequent periods. Conversely, the specificity for diagnosing non-pregnant She-camels increased (P ≤ 0.01) from 71.4% at day 20 PM to 85.7% at day 30 PM, reaching 100% at days 40, 50, and 60 PM. The sensitivity for diagnosing pregnant she-camels using ultrasonography was 100% on day 20 post-mating (P

This research investigates the biochemical profile, antioxidant properties, and antigenotoxic activity of red seaweed (Gracilaria sp.) extract on micronuclei formation in peripheral blood erythrocytes of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to a methomyl-based pesticide. Results revealed a diverse phytochemical profile in the red seaweed extract, with the presence of alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, tannins, coumarins, terpenoids, quinine, phytosteroids, flavonoids, and phlobtannins. GC-MS analysis identified compounds such as Heptadecane, Neophytadine, Hexadecanoic acid, Oleic acid, and Adipic acid in the sample. The antioxidant

This study was aimed to mitigate the issue of drought in potato production and quality using number of sustainable strategies. The experiment carried out at vegetable field of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during spring season 2023. The experiment was conducted using split arrangement within Randomized Complete Block Design with two factors and three replicates (2X6X3). Applying TiO₂-NPs represented the first factor (main plot) (10 mg.L^-1), which symbolized (T₀, T₁). six treatments were included to represent subplots (regular irrigation interval (I) prolonged irrigation interval (D), fungal biofertilizers (D

This study aimed to investigate of the spatial analyses of the correlation coefficient between Particulate matter PM_2.5 and meteorological parameters in Iraq Using remote-sensing data and meteorological Parameters datasets for the period 2003–2020. PM_2.5 is one of the primary air pollutants across the world. Quantifying interactions between meteorological conditions and PM_2.5 concentrations is essential to understanding the variability of PM_2.5. The spatial variations of the relationships between the annual average PM_2.5, the annual average rainfall, temperature wind speed, and pressure were evaluated using the Pearson correlation coefficient model. The results indicated th

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of blending two types of alcohol with pure diesel fuel. A 4-cylinder 4- stroke water cooled direct injection (DI) diesel engine was used. An electric dynamometer was connected to the engine to make load by electric heaters; the load on the engine was fixed at full load. The engine was run with two speed levels : 1300 rpm and 1600 rpm.  Three types of fuel were used, including blended n- butanol (B) and Acetone(A) mixed with diesel by two levels named by AB15D85 and AB30D70, respectively, and compared with pure diesel fuel (D), which was the baseline.  Gas emission was measured by using gas analyzer type AirRex - HG540. Results obtained from the experiment were statistically an

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic effects of exposure to environmental agent's pollutants in many doses data. The experimental data (1.553, 2.190: 1.515, 1.516) respectively, suggest that the DNA damage parameters (Tail length, Tail width l) were found higher value in exposed population when compared with the ratio of the length to width that cells exhibiting no decampment when having a ratio of one. The percentage and distribution of cells in exposed population also Proportional in values. This study demonstrates that, utilizing sensitive techniques, it is possible to detect environmental agent's risks at an early stage.

This research was aimed shedding light on some indicators that reflect the ability of the society to achieve an adequate degree of food security from the wheat crop. The length of the two periods of production adequacy and coverage of imports for local consumption of wheat and the stability of these periods were estimated. The period of the annual change in the rate of self-sufficiency, the per capita share and the gap between the per capita share and the need for wheat in Iraq for the period 1990-2015was estimated. It was found that the rate of self-sufficiency of the wheat crop was 54%. The annual increase in the period of production adequacy for the domestic consumption of the wheat crop was estimated at 11.5 days, or about 5.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis leaves powder (EUP) and oil (EUO) to alleviate cold stress and their effects on broiler performance, duodenum morphology and enzyme secretion, microbial counts, oxidative index expression levels of heat shock protein, vitamin E and TBARS (thiobarbi­turic acid-reactive substances) and meat sensory evaluation. Six hundred thirty-one day-old unsexed  chicks were randomly divided

This study aimed to monitor and evaluate the impact of fires on the appearance of the land surface in open and flat agricultural areas using spectral indices and Landsat8 Operational Land Imagery (OLI) satellite images. A representative area, covering 250.34 km², was selected in Nineveh Governorate in Iraq lies between latitudes (43˚ 20′ 0̋-43˚ 32′ 30̋) N and longitude (36˚ 25′ 0̋-36˚ 11′ 0̋) E on June and July 2019 in order to determine the burned area on the land, and use the resulting spectral signature to generalize it to the rest of the study area. Data from the American Landsat satellite, GIS software, and spectral indicators for vegetation covers, such as the Normalized Difference Vegetati

This study was aimed to evaluate the Aqua program in calibration and validity and its use in simulation to study the productive and water characteristics of maize crop.. The experiment was conducted in two irrigation methods, sprinkler irrigation and surface irrigation, and two cultivation methods are borders (lines) and furrows (lines and then furrows) and for two cultivars of maize, a hybrid (unlocal) and a local variety. The results that sprinkler irrigation reduced water consumption compared to surface irrigation, as it reached (558.38) mm for sprinkler irrigation, and (668.79) mm for surface irrigation. While the method of furrows after borders outperformed the borders only in improving growth characteristics and increasing

This study was aimed to explore the role of gallic acid (GA) in ameliorating in reducing adverse effects of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) on antioxidant status and lipid profile in adult male rats. Twenty-eight (28) adult male rats were divided randomly into four equal groups; they were daily handled for 30 days, as follows: control group (C), received tap water only. (G1), received 100ppm of CdCl₂ in drinking tap water, animals in proceeding groups were given in addition to CdCl₂ in drinking water the following: intraperitoneal injection of GA 100 mg/kg. daily (G2 group) and the combination of GA and CdCl₂ were given to rats in group (G3) in the same pattern.  At the e

This research project was designed to assess the antibacterial and antitcancer activity by using the crude extracts of fresh and dried peels of Annona squamosa fruit. The fresh and dried peels were extracted by using three solvents, inculded (water, ethanol, and methanol) at different concentrations (stock, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25) µg/ml. The antibacterial activity was estimated against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram - negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using agar well-diffusion method. Results showed the appearance of different regions of inhibition. Antibacterial activity of alcoholic solvent extracts of the dry and fresh peels showed noticeable inhibitory activity against

This study was aimed to estimate the effect of essential oil extracted from callus of Lavandula angustifolia leaves as antioxidant and cytotoxic activity (in vitro). Different concentrations of essentail oil were selected, including 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100  µg/ml in determining antioxidant activity by using Free radical 1,1 Dyphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The results showed the efficacy of essentail oil as an antioxidant and the highest effect at 100 µg/ml reaching 97% and 87% at 80 µg/ml respectively. Different concentrations of essential  oil ( 12.5, 25, 50,75 and 100) µg/ml wer

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the most important crops belong to the leguminous family native to East Asia. Chemical fertilizers are widely used to increase production in quantity and quality. As a result of the harmful effects caused by chemical fertilizers, it become necessary to find alternative solutions as sustainable approach toward supply plant by elements needs such as biofertilizers. In this study, Bradyrhizobium japonicum alone or in combination of microorganism inoculation included (B. japonicum, Bacillus subtilis, Glomus mosseae, and Anabaena azollae) were tested toward soybean growth parameters under open field condition. Results showed that there is a signif

This study was established to investigate the ability of the sunflower callus plant (Helianthus annuus L.) to tolerate salinity stress for two levels of NaCl (0 and 80 mM), three concentrations of IAA (0, 1.0, and 2.0 mg l^-1), and BAP (0, 1.0, and 2.0 mg l^-1) in lab conditions. Calli cultures were induced from the cotyledon of H. annuus L. cultured in an appropriate combination of growth regulators 2,4-D and kintein. The salinity results exhibited negative effects in most of the study indications, which can be revealed by a significant increase in sodium content (Na⁺), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding glycerol at different levels (T1 = control treatment without glycerol, T2 = 75 ml and T3 = 150 ml glycerol) on daily milk yield, milk components and some blood parameters of Holstein cows during the period of 60 days. Milk yield increased significantly (P≤0.05) at 15^th day of the experiment, and highly significant (P≤0.01) at 30^th and 60^th days of the experiment in T3 group. Percentage of milk protein and lactose increased (P≤0.01) in T2 and T3 groups and the percentage of milk fat in the T3 group decreased at day 60 of the experiment. The blood glucose concentration increased (P≤0.01) in T2 and T3 groups at 30 and 60 days of th

This study was aimed to assess the impact of genetic groups (comprising three distinct lines of Kurdish quails, which are desert, brown, and white), graded levels of L-carnitine and their interaction on the performance of growth traits and blood parameters. For this purpose, the same basic diet was given to 480 Kurdish quail chicks one day old, which was then supplemented for two to seven weeks of age with 0 (control), 150, 350, or 550 mg of L-carnitine per kg of diet. The statistical analysis showed that the lines, L-carnitine supplementation, and their interaction had a significant (p≤0.01) impact on the Kurdish quail's blood parameters, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, body weight, and body weight gain. The desert lines e

Indole molecules as a signal has an important role in bacterial ecosystem, this study was aimed and conducted on the extraction and partial purification of indole from pathogenic E. coli and study several indole characterizations parameters compared with synthetic standard one. A total of 134 urine specimens and other stool 152 specimens were obtained from Al-Ramadi Hospitals, during the period from November / 2018 to March / 2019.The results show the percentage of isolated E. coli from Urinary tract infection was 100 (74.6%)/134, While 152 (100%)/ 152 are isolated from stool. Primary and secondary screening concluded, there are ten isolates are considered as the best in production of indole. The most producible

Field experiment was carried out during spring seasons of 2015 in AL-Rasheed township southern of Baghdad, Iraq to study the effects of irrigation methods on water content distribution, water use efficiency and yield of corn. Four surface irrigation treatments were used: 100% conventional basin (control), 70% of control treatment basin irrigation,  Conventional furrow and shallow furrow. Water content distribution results showed that shallow furrow irrigation decreased moisture content to 14.7, 18.3 % for 0-10 and 10-20 cm depth respectively, compared to conventional basin irrigation. The result showed that treatments of conventional furrow, shallow furrow and 70% basin irrigation reduced the depth of added water in rate of

This experiment was conducted at the farm of field crop department, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad during two summer seasons (2010 and 2011) in order to know the response of cotton var. Lashata to nitrogen levels and spacing between holes. A randomized complete block design under arrangement of split plot with four replications was used. The plant spacing; 10, 20 and 30 cm between holes and 75 cm between rows considered as main plots, while three nitrogen levels (150, 200 and 250 Kg N.ha^-1) are considered as sub plots. The results showed that using 10 cm between hills were significantly superior in boll weight (3.69 and 4.26) gm.boll^-1, seed cotton yield (3.03 and 3.6) t.ha^-1 and li

 This experiment was carried out at College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani. Microscopically, no adverse histopathological changes were seen in the kidneys, liver, gills and intestines of Cyprinus carpio for T2(replacing fishmeal with 5% lentil) and T3 (replacing fishmeal with 10% lentil) in comparison with the control (T1). However, various levels of adverse histopathological changes were seen in the T4(replacing fish meal with 15% lentil) and T5 (replacing fishmeal with 20% lentil). In the kidneys, dilation of the Bowman’s spaces was evidently associated with a decrease in the mesangial cellularity of glomerular tuft. In the liver, congestion of the central vein was apparent together with centril

This study was aimed to conducted as a challenge test for R. mucosa ability to reduces atopic dermatitis induced in the skin of experimental animals and improve the fact that this kind of microorganism play important role as skin microflora to reduce some type of skin diseases, additionally to find the suitable pharmaceutical formula can be maintaining and stimulating bacterial isolate to produce a pigment. A probiotic application as a suitable cream formulas were prepared containing local R. mucosa biomass, Standard R. mucosa biomass and partial purified pigment to treat three groups of albino mice induced with atopic dermatitis. The main physical char

This study was carried out in Erbil governorate, Iraq during 2020 to estimate the regression relations between the ionic strength of 354 water samples and their electrical conductivity then influence of correcting ion pairs and activity on this relation. Results indicated that electrical conductivity regards as an accurate measure of ionic strength for irrigation water. Correcting ion pairs plus activity had a great effect on the regression values between ionic strength values and electrical conductivity of the studied water samples. Highly significant correlation coefficient was recorded between ionic strength and electrical conductivity before correction and after correcting ion pairs and ion pairs plus activity with the correl

The study aimed to find association between GH, IGF-I and PRL loci with body weight traits in local quail. Three hundred of three lines of local quail were used in the study. The molecular results showed polymorphism for all loci. The five, four and five alleles for GH, IGF-I and PRL locus, respectively were recorded. The allele D of GH, allele A of IGF-I and allele E of PRL locus have positive effect on growth and carcass traits in local quail lines. Based on the results, the CDCDCE genotype of all loci in desert quail significantly gives highest average daily gain (4.75g/ bird/day) and live body weight (208.18 g / bird /day) at marketing age. While the BDBCBE genotype in brown quail gives highest carcass weight (143.55g/bird) a

The development of exports in an open economic environment is the best solution in accelerating the pace of economic growth. The research evaluates the competitiveness of Iraqi dates exports based on a set of quantitative indicators and shows the role of Trade activities represented by international marketing that ensures the flow of goods and services from production until they reach the consumer. The research found a competitive advantage for Iraq in its exports of dates, as the Revealed Comparative Advantage - RCA showed a remarkable rise during the years of study and reached 26.98 in 2008, as for the Concentration Index (H), which represents the concentration of exports in a product or a limited number of products. More than

The research aims to study the optimal allocation of irrigation water that is used to irrigate various agricultural crops at the level of Iraq. In order to achieve the goal of the research, two economic models were formulated according to the linear programming technique. The first model aimed to minimize the water needs of the prevailing crop combination during the average period (2017-2020), while the second model aimed to maximize the total profit margin of the water unit for the crop combination that minimizes the water needs during the same period. The first model was estimated with two proposed plans. The first proposed plan included non-imposing legislative restrictions related to the allocation of certain areas for basic