Back ground: Anaemia is one of commonest health problems in antenatal care units of developing countries and contributes significantly to increased maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.
Patients and methods: During the period from 1st of July 2007 to the end of October 2007, hundred anaemic pregnant women attending the gynaecology and obstetrics department in Al- Yarmook teaching hospital in Baghdad and 20 apparently healthy pregnant women,aged between 17 - 46 years as a control were included in this study. Anaemic women included in this study fulfilled the criteria of haemoglobin concentration of less than 110 g/L in first trimester and 105g/L in the second and third trimesters, no history of acute

Background: Patient evaluation of the healthcare provided by his/her family doctor is a multidimensional concept, its main component being the doctor-patient interaction.
Materials and Methods: a total of 200 client chosen by systematic random sampling were successfully interviewed immediately after having the contact with the family physician in the family medicine center.
Results: The present study showed that the majority of the clients were young age, most of them were female, completed secondary education and the majorities were unemployed. This study determined the client general satisfaction the services provided by the physician the overall satisfaction was high (98%), the most significant stat

Background: IL-4 is an antibodies inflammatory cytokine which has an important role in protecting against the inflammatory reactions in most of diseases. Here, we try to highlights the role of this cytokine in chronic Rheumatic heart disease and its correlation with the extent of histopathological abnormalities.
Patients and Methods: Rheumatic mitral valve surgical fragments were taken from a total of 48 Iraqi patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease under mitral valve replacement surgery in Ibn Al- Bitar Hospital for Cardiac Surgery-Iraq-Baghdad. Paraffin embedded mitral valve tissue sections were prepared. IL-4-expressing cells were detected by using immunohistochemical staining technique and

خلفية الدراسة: تبقى قلة مستوى خضاب الدم والتعرض للرصاص يبقى مشكلة صحية في اجزاء من العالم .مع ذلك فان اكثر الابحاث تركز على تاثير المستوى العالي للرصاص في الدم .

الاهداف: ان الهدف من هذه الدراسه بيان تاثير مستوى الرصاص القليل على خضاب الدم و نسبة خلايا الدم الحمراء.

الطرائق والمرضى: شملت الدراسة ثماني وخمسين مريضا متطوعين تتراوح اعمار

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and debilitating autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation with subsequent cartilage and bone destruction. Cytokines are  key mediators of inflammation and can be found in abundance both in the joint and blood of patients. This study was designed to evaluate the role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in pathogenesis of RA, as well as study the correlation among these cytokines.
Patients and methods: Forty patients with RA and thirty age-matched healthy controls were included in this study. Serum cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: The serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8

Background: There is a general acceptance which illustrated that auto antibodies act as a central immunological disturbance in most of the auto immune diseases, among these auto immune diseaselies the SLE
Patients and Methods: Thirty five patients with SLE were compared to twenty age and sex matched, control subjects and studied for the presence of auto antibodies, plus IL-4 and IL-6 using Elisa method and immune fluorescent method (for ANA only)
Results: Data showed that IL-6 detectable levels were statistically significant in patients with positive anti ds-DNA, but not significant statistically in ANA positive patients although it was detected in 24 (70.6%) of positive ANA patients, while there was no sta

 الخلفية الدراسة: هناك العديد من التقارير التي تشير إلى أن ارتفاع الضغط من الأسباب المؤدية إلى اعتلال الأم والطفل, كما تعد أصناف الدم ABO من الاسباب المؤدية الى زيادة قابلية الإنسان للأمراض بسبب  تأثير جينات صنف الدم على التواجد الحيوي لعوامل E-selectin, TNF-alpha and ICAM1  التي لها دور في النشوء المرضي لتسمم الحمل بسبب ارتفاع الضغط.

هدف الدراسة: تقييم احتما

الخلفية : الداء الزلاقي هو مرض مزمن، يحدد مناعيا من شكل الأعتلال المعوي الذي يؤثر في الأمعاء الدقيقة عند الأطفال والبالغين ذوالميول الوراثي . و تظهر بشكل سريع عند ابتلاع الأطعمة التي تحتوي على الغلوتين. ويشار أيضا إلى أنه ذرب الاضطرابات الهضمية والحساسية من الغلوتين في الأمعاء أو غير ذرب الاستوائية.CD69  هو مستضد لمفاوي مفعل الذي ظهوره السريع يجعله مناسبا للكشف عن تنشيط خلايا T و التحل

المقدمه : ضمور القنوات الصفراويه الولادي هو من الحالات النادره نسبيا والتي تتسبب بحدوث يرقان انسدادي ولاسباب غير معروفه ولكنها تحدث نتيجة تليفات وانكماش القنوات الصفراويه بمستويات مختلفه  .هذا الاعتلال يؤدي الى الوفاة خلال عامين ان لم يعالج جراحيا".                

الهدف: الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو لتحليل ومناقشة العوامل ا

Background: depressed mood and anxiety are common symptoms in hospitalized cancer patients .it is often presumed that anxiety and depression affect the occurrence and experience of physical symptoms . the researcher was aimed to assess the level of depression among cancer patients and the chemotherapy side effects and to find out the significant difference between depression level regarding these side effects.
Patients and methods: A descriptive analytical study was conducted on a purposive sample of 50 cancer patients from both sexes who were admitted to Radiation and Neuclur Medicine Hospital in Baghdad for the purpose of giving chemotherapy for the period from April 4th to June 20th , 2008. A structure

خلفية الموضوع: التهاب الغضروف بعد عملية رفع الانزلاق الغضروفي القطني يحدث     بنسبة 4% وانها واحده من اكثر المضاعفات بعد التدخل الجراحي المؤثر وظيفيا على المريض.

الغاية من الدراسة: هو تقييم مفعول زرق الجنتاميسين في مكان الغضروف بعد رفعه من عملية رفع الانزلاق الغضروفي القطني من منع حدوث التهاب الغضروف بعد العملية.

طرق معالجة المو

Introduction:
Neonatal Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) remains one of the major cause's neonatal morbidity and mortality despite advances in perinatal care especially in developed
countries.
Objectives:
The aims of this study were to find out me risk factors of mothers and newborns (NB) which increase the incidence, morbidity, and mortality of RDS.
Patients & Methods:
A prospective descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 live NR infants born at neonatal care units in Baghdad hospital & private nursing home (medical city
complex) / Baghdad in the period from the first of March to the end of June 2006. They were presented with RDS, which was diagnosed clinically and radio-

Background: streptococcal pneumonia is one of the most common pathogens that cause otolaryngological disease.

Background : From the standpoint of mortality &morbidity, cancer is by far the most important clinical problem that concerns the breast today .The age adjusted incidence of new cases has been increasing steadily with increase in the incidence among the Iraqi women during the last few years .
Materials &method : A prospective study was arranged to assess the occurrence of postsurgical loco-regional recurrence of breast carcinoma in the Iraqi female patients , a total
number of 91 female patients were assessed during period from Dec.2000 to Dec.2002, the 
median period of follow up was two years.
Result : Loco-regional recurrence developed in 20 patients (22%). Chest wall and axilla were th

Background: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the most polymorphic genetic system in man. The genes of this region influence susceptibility to certain disease.
Objectives: This study was established to shed light on the possible association of HLA class I and II antigens with RV patients.
Patients and Methods: Lymphocytotoxicity assay for HLA for class I and II typing had been done for (100) Iraqi patients suffering from rheumatic valvulitis (RV), the control groups consisting of (75 healthy individuals and 35 non rheumatic heart disease (NRHD) patients ).
Results: The results showed a significant association of A33-Ags with these patients as compared with healthy and cardiac controls (P=0.005), (P=0.033)

Background: Reports denote that changes in day length enhance or suppress components of immune function in several mammalian species. The aim of present experimental study is
directed to test the hypothesis deals with the effect of photoperiods on some immune limbs responsiveness.
Materials and Methods: Twenty six male and female BALB/C mice, 5-7 weeks old, 14- 18gm weight divided into two groups, test groups (n.=8 mice for each sex) and control
groups (n.=5 for each sex). Test groups were kept in a dark room for a month, while control groups were kept in a room where the photoperiod was day light: darkness 12:12hr. All
studied groups immunized with o.2ml (10% sheep red blood cells) on day 4 and 8 of the l

Background: Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is the only human pathogenic parvovirus, It is highly erythrotropic and preferentially replicates in erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs). Recently the effects of B19 infection have been well studied in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Objective: To detect parvovirus B19 among children with ALL.

Methods: A cross sectional study involved forty five patients with ALL (21 patients were newly diagnosed ALL and 24 children who underwent chemotherapy) who were attending department of oncology in Children's Welfare Teaching Hospital in Baghdad Medical City between December 2012 and April 2013, compared to forty five of appare

خلفية البحث:  التغذية الداخلية تستعمل بصورة واسعة وهي تقنية جديدة تستعمل لإعطاء التغذية المطلوبة الى المرضى الذين هم في حالة حرجة او المصابين في الحوادث

الهدف:  لبيان دور التغذية عن طريق الامعاء الدقيقة كطريق امن للتغذية الداخلية في المرضى الذين تتوفر فيهم شروط استعماله.

الطريقة :  دراسة مع مقارنة تمت في الوحدة الجراحية الثا

الخلاصة: الخلفية:لوحظ ازدياد اصابات الحروق مع زيادة نسبة الوفيات حيث تختلف المسببات الجرثومية للاصابات حسب توزيع المناطق الجغرافية .

الهدف:هذة الدراسة شملت عزل المكورات الخبيئة وطريقة تشخيصها من مرضى الحروق الراقيدن في المستشفى التخصصي  للحروق  في مدينة بغداد .

 طرق العمل : اجريت الدراسة لهولاء للفترة من تشرين الاول 2011 ولغاية ايار 2012 وتم استخدام المسحة

خلفية الموضوع :  تمزق الام الجافية غير المتعمد اثناء عمليات الفقرات القطنية المتقهقرة, احد المضاعفات التي تحدث بصورة غير قليلة وحسب البحوث المنشوره معدل حدوث هذه المضاعفات فيها تفاوت كبير.

الغاية من الدراسة: هو لتحديد معدل الحدوث والعلاج و المضاعفات التي تحدث من تمزق الام الجافيه غير المتعمد ,النتائج كانت نتيجة متابعة سريرية ولمدة ( 2شهر – 24شهر ) .

المقدمه: اخماج  الثدي عند النساء يمكن علاجها بنجاح بطريقة الرشف بواسطة البره من خلال الجلد بعد اجراء فحص السونار, ثم غسل التجويف المتكون بمحلول ملح الطعام.

الهدف من الدراسة: دراسة مدى فعالية طريقة الرشف الابري من خلال الجلد في معالجة اخماج الثدي عند النساء في العياده الخارجيه وتحت التخدير الموضعي.

طريقة العمل: دراسه مستقبليه لثلاث

خلفية البحث: يعتبرالكادميوم من الملوثات البيئية العالية السمية والمسرطنة , وهناك العديد من الفرضيات التي تشير إلى ان انخفاض خصوبة الذكور تكون ناجمة عن التعرض للكادميوم.   الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو تاثير الكادميوم في مستوى  حمض الاسكوربيك في خصيه الفئران ومعرفة نسبة الضرر في الخصى .

 الاهداف:    لمعرفة مدى سمية كلوريد الكادميوم واَثار

Background: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic airflow limitation and a range of pathological changes in the lung.

Background: This study has been performed to detect any structural changes in the testes of rabbits that have been exposed to formaldehyde vapor.
Materials and Methods: Eighteen male rabbits has been used in this study, 12 of them were exposed to formalin vapor for 2 month, while the other 6 were exposed to the vapor of distilled water for 2 month too. All animals were killed at the end of experiments, and then pieces of testes were prepared for light microscopic examination. Sections were collected from the paraffin wax blocks and stained by H & E and finally examined by Olympus light microscope.
Results: Most of the seminiferous tubules from the formaldehyde exposed group were atrophied with no e

Background: Physical exercise is essential for performance of the immune system. The integrity of immune response is dependent on the intensity and duration of the exercise performed. During exercise the metabolic and hormonal changes that occurred can induce lymphocyte apoptosis. Dehydroepiandrosteron sulphate (DHEAS) is one of the hormones that is affected by exercise, it is an androgen released from the adrenal cortex in response to adrenocortiocotropin releasing hormone (ACTH). DHEAS is regarded as an anti-aging hormone; it is primarily immune enhancing, providing some degree of counterbalance to the potentially detrimental effects of catecholamine and cortisol which are immunosuppressive if chronic

Background: Traditionally, evaluation of the results of immunohistochemistry was done by visual quantification.
Materials and methods: for reliable evaluation, more time-efficient and user friendly method we used simple computer program with image analysis options as independent parameters for reading positive results. To test the validity of visually scored results, we compare and correlate the results of Digital image analysis (DIA) variables with the visual scores of 280 pictures taken from entire stained glioma tumor sections for Bcl-2 and P53 oncoproteins in different glioma tumor grades.
Results: In this study, rates expression of both oncoproteins was evaluated visually in glioma tumor samples (

Summary:
Background Mastalgia is described as diffused or itching pain of the breast. Usually, active movement of heavy breast supported by weak suspensory ligaments contribute mainly to the etiology of mastalgia which is considered the most frequent complaint of women attending Al-Elwiya teaching hospital for consultation.
Objective:- The aim was to minimiged breast pain in mastalgic women By wearing the sport brassieres with or without the Use of danazol
Patient and method :- Tow hundred and fifty cyclic and non cyclic women suffering
from some degrees of mastalgia were chosen randomly from breast clinic of AL-Elwiya teaching hospital from June 2004 till August 2005. The mastaligic women were divided into 3 groups: group A

Background:

Background:
There is a need to find methods to assess the size of the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume without involving radioactive tracers. For this purpose, the simple delusion method was used
to measure the ECF in rabbits and the inulin which is a polysaccharide was used as a marker of ECF measurement.
Methods:
18 male rabbits were used in this study. 8 of these animals were bilaterally nephroctomized to calculate the exact time to get diffusion equilibrium time after a bolus dose of inulin at a
dose of 25mg/kg of a solution of inulin 10 mg/ml. intravenously. The blood samples were taken after 1, 15, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min.
Results:
ECF volume was about 144.5 to 149.7 ml/kg depending on the i

خلفية الموضوع :  بالرغم من ان اكثر الاسباب شيوعا" لاعتلال الجذور العصبية القطنية هو الانزلاق الغضروفي او تضيق القناة الشوكية الا ان هناك اسباب متعددة غير ذالك خارج او داخل العمود الفقري.

الغاية من الدراسة:  هو تقييم و مراجعة الامراض التي تسبب اعتلال الجذور العصبية القطنية بدون وجود انزلاق غضروفي قطني.

طرق معالجة الموضوع:  دراس