خلفية البحث:  مع دخول جائحة COVID-19 عامه الثالث ، من الواضح أن آثاره تمتد إلى ما بعد الجهاز التنفسي وهي مهمة سريريًا. قد يكون لهذه العواقب أيضًا تأثير على الصحة ونوعية الحياة. ربما يكون ثلث النساء قد عانين من تغيرات عابرة في أنماط الدورة الشهرية نتيجة للضغوط المرتبطة بوباء COVID-19. وقد يكون هذا التغيير ناتجًا عن التوتر والقلق. يمكن أن يكون عدم انتظام الدورة الشهرية أو غيابها مؤشرًا على انخفاض الخصوبة ، و

أهداف الدراسة:  الهدف الرئيسي للدراسة هو دراسة بعض عوامل الخطورة التي من المحتمل ان تسبب عقم النساء.

طرق العمل: أجريت هذه الدراسة (حالة - ضابطة) في محافظة البصرة  خلال مدة عشرة اشهر للفترة الممتدة من الأول من شهر كانون الثاني 2006 لغاية الحادي والثلاثين من شهر تشرين الثاني 2006. الحالات التي تضمنتها هذه الدراسة شملت النساء المتزوجات المراجعات الى مركز

خلفية عن الدراسة: في السنوات الاخيرة اصبح من الضروري معرفة عملية تكون الاوعية الدموية الجديدة في نخاع عظم المريض لفهم عملية تطور المرض وتكهن نتائجه الاخيرة خصوصا في بعض سرطانات الدم مثل الورم النقوي وسرطان الدم وسرطان العقد اللمفاوية. إفترضت الدراسات الحديثة ان عملية تكون الاوعية الدموية الجديدة في نخاع العظم تلعب دور مهم في عملية تطور المرض وتكهنه لدى المصابين بالورم النقوي.

background:

Summary:
Background: The acute lymphocytic leukemias (All) make up about 76% of children leukemias . lymphoid leukemias occur more often than expected in patients with immunodeficiency , chromosomal abnormalities & ataxia telangiectasia . A number of chnges occur in preneoplastic & neoplastic cells as the progress towards a greater degree of malignancy . Nuclear DNA may be used as an aid in diagnosis , to predict prognosis & to determent of certain neoplasia.
Aim of the work: is to purify DNA from whole blood of predict & normal children & to characterize it by spectral studies.
Patients & Methods: Fifteen EDTA-treated blood samples of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and the same number f

خلفيه البحث: يعتبر مرض دوالي الخصية من اكثر المشاكل شيوعاً المسببة لعقم الرجال والتي يمكن اصلاحها جراحياً وتأثير تلك الاوردة المتوسعة معلوم على السائل المنوي و حيوية الحيامن . حالة دوالي الخصية تقسم الى نوعين  حسب قطر تلك الاوردة سريري يكشف بالفحص اليدوي وغير السريري لا يشخص الا عن طريق الفحص بالموجات فوق الصوتية و هذا الاخير مازال موضع خلاف بين الباحثين حول مدى تأثيره على الخصوبة و

الخلفية: في البلدان النامية، وفيات المواليد مسؤولة عن 99٪ من وفيات الولدان في العالم. وفي العراق فان معدلات وفاة الأطفال حديثي الولادة لا تزال غير معروفة.

ألاهداف: لمعرفة معدلات الوفيات والأسباب الرئيسية لوفاة حديثي الولادة في وحدة رعاية الأطفال حديثي الولادة في مستشفى بغداد التعليمي، مدينة الطب / بغداد

المرضى والطرق:اجريت هذه الدراسة الوصفي

تمهيد :- أن عمال محطات تعبئة الوقود يتعرضون لمدة طويلة للمشتقات النفطية من خلال الجزئيات المتطايرة من الوقود نتيجة التعبئة لذلك فان التأثيرات الصحية الضارة نتيجة التعرض للبنزين قد تؤدي إلى تلف أو ضرر الجهاز الدموي مع ضعف في أنتاج نخاع العظم للخلايا الدموية الأولية. 

الهدف:- تقيم التغيرات الدموية بين عمال تعبئة الوقود

طريقة العمل:- من خلال دراسة 292فردا (146فردا

الخلفية:

التركيز العالي لعنصر الموليبدنوم في المصل ممكن ان يسهم بشكل كبير في امراض العظام المتعلقة بالديلزة لدى المرضى الذين يحتاجون ديلزة دموية لفترة طويلة.

هدف الدراسة:

لتقييم مستوى الموليبدنوم في مصل الدم لدى مرضى العجز الكلوي الذين يحتاجون ديلزة دموية طويلة الامد ولبيان تاقير هذه الديلزة على مستى المولبدينم قبل وبعد الديلزة الدموية.

ان تقيح الرحم هي حالة نسائية نادرة تنتج من انسداد عنق الرحم عادة ما تكون بسبب ورم سرطاني ويحدث بنسبة 0,1%-0,5%. عدم معالجة الحالة يؤدي الى انفجار الرحم والتهاب غشاء المساريق الحاد وحدوث حالة البطن الحاد مما يلزم تداخل جراحي طارئ. تقيح الرحم الناتج من اسداد المهبل حالة نادرة ولم تسجل اي حالة على حد علمنا. ان الهدف من تسجيل هذه الحالة هو تبيان ان الاتسداد قد يحدث في المهبل في سن الامل نتيجة التهاب سابق ا

خلفية: قصور الغدة الدرقية دون السريري (SCTD) هو الأكثر شيوعا في مرحلة مبكرة من الغدة الدرقية. على الرغم من أن الشرط قد حل أو لم تتغير، في غضون بضع سنوات في بعض المرضى، قد الغدة الدرقية علني تطوير، مع انخفاض مستويات T4 الحرة، فضلا عن تحفيز الغدة الدرقية التي أثيرت هرمون (TSH) مستوى. في الخلل في الغدة الدرقية العامة هي حالة تعرف للحد من احتمالات الحمل وتؤثر سلبا على نتيجة الحمل. كما فحص لأمراض الغدة الدرقي

Background: lung function is closely related to anthropometric variables. Anegative relationship between different adiposity markers and lung function has been well established.

Background: the most common underlying cause of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is myocardial ischemia. Diastolic dysfunction has been reported in up to 90% of patients with coronary artery disease.

الخلفية :امتداد الذراعين هو اقرب قياس فسلجي للطول.زيادة نسبة الطول الى امتدادالذراعين,التي قد تعني احتمال نقص الطول نتيجة للتقدم في السن ,والذي قد ينتج عن وهن العضام المؤدي الى تهشم الفقرات,او اسباب اخرى.مما قد يكون له علاقة بوضائف الرئة.

الطرائق: المشاركين الذين راجعوا مختبر فحص وضائف الرئة في العيادة الاستشارية لمستشفى بغداد التعليمي للفترة من1/11/2009ولغاية31/1

Seventy five adult virgin female Norway rats (60 experimental and 15 controls) were used to evaluate the effect of seeds of three herbs (Fennel, Cumin and Garden cress) on their mammary glands. Experimental animals were fed with these herbs (each type of herb seeds was given to twenty experimental rats) for fourteen days. Rats were sacrificed and mammary gland sections were obtained, stained then morphometrically assessed. Serum prolactin level was performed too. Results revealed that Garden cress seeds are the strongest lactogenic agent among the three. Both Fennel and Cumin seeds were shown to be very weak galactagogues.

Background:Gynecomastia and breast cancer are the two most common diseases of the male breast. Most other diseases found in male breast arise from the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Male breast cancer is relatively rare, in contrast to gynecomastia, which is relatively common.
Objectives: The aim of this report is to determine the prevalence of the different breast lesions among males; based upon the findings of fine needle aspiration cytology .
Patients and method:This study was carried out within the Main Referral Training Center for Early Detection of Breast Tumors, Medical City Teaching Hospital, Baghdad (from the
beginning of January 2003 till the end of November 2007). One hundred twenty four males&nbsp

Background: Few Studies had been done on the role of histopathology in the medico-legal diagnosis of Electrocution even abroad.
Aim of the study: To determine the main histopathlogical features in cases of electrocution especially at the entry site of the electrical current which help in the diagnosis of those cases.
Methods: A full medico-legal autopsy had been done on 64 cadavers of persons died as a result of electrocution chosen randomly out of a total number of 144 cases of electrocution
during the year 2005 in the medico-legal institute of Baghdad including histopathological examination by ordinary method of different specimens from those cadavers at histopathology
department of the mentioned institu

Despite recent advances in both suture welding and knotless anchor technology, knot tying will remain a necessary skill which the surgeon must master when performing suture
anchor in laparoscopic surgery. There are an endless number of combinations of knots (sliding versus static, simple versus complex, etc.) and suture types (monofilament versus
braided) to accomplish this task. Surgeons are familiar with knotting but seem not to be aware of the possibilities and impact of the techniques of capsizing, flipping, and flyping
knots. (1) Capsizing refers to changing or perverting a flat knot’s geometry under asymmetric stress. The simplest examples of this is the change

Background and Objective:
There are many treatment modalities in managing complete rectal prolapse (CRP) current study present simple technique of cauterization plication operation in the treatment
of complete rectal prolapse.
Methods:
The study include 30 patients present with CRP their mean age (74.3 ± 4.6), 19 females and 11 males. With the patient under- general anesthesia in litliotomy position the
proolapsed rectum pulled outside the anal canal, the mucosa was cauterized, the muscle layer was plicated by 2/0 dixon suture. Posterior levtorplasty were done in 10 adult patients
when it is indicated.
Results:
The postoperative follow up was 12-24 months. Six had postoperative mucosal prolaps

Background : The new biological marker, ischemia modified albumin (IMA) measured by albumin cobalt binding (ACB) test was introduced for the detection of myocardial ischemia.
Objective The aim of the present study was to describe the performance characteristics of the ACB test in suspected acute coronary syndrome patients who presented to the emergency
department early after the onset of ischemic events and to verify the specificity of the test for myocardial infarction.
Subjects and methods: Forty five patients presented to the emergency department (ED) with chest pain and 31 healthy controls were involved in the study. Serum albumin and ACB test were performed on all subjects, while serum CK-MB was don

Back ground: Oxidative damage has been suggested to play a key role in accelerating inflammation and to be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and
osteoarthritis (OA). Many studies had shown that those patients have low antioxidants level and are at risk of increased oxidative stress.
Objective: This study was designed to examine the levels of serum Total Antioxidant Status (TAS). Malondialdehyde (MDA) as index of lipid peroxidation and C–Reactive Protein (CRP) as a
marker of oxidative stress in patients with RA and OA and compared them with healthy control.
Method: Serum TAS , MDA and CRP levels were measured in 16 RA and 24 OA patients and compare with those obtained from 25 healt

Background : Bronchogenic carcinoma is a common malignancy in iraq and radiotherapy is one of treatment methods for this disease . This study is cytopathological study dealing with
sputum samples for bronchogenic carcinoma before and after radiotherapy .
Objectives : To find morphological changes of the malignant cells as seen in cytopathological examination of the sputum after radiotherapy to the chest .
Patients and Methods : Twenty five patients with a recent diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma presented to the Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine for the treatment
in the period between 20th july 2004 and 25th june 2005 , sputum samples were obtained from these patients before and after they r

Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease. Many etiological agents are proposed to play a role in its pathogenecity. One of these factors is cytokines such as Interleukin6.
Material & Methods: ELISA method has been used for IL-6 estimation in 75 RA patients in comparison with 61 SLE as patient controls and 39 apparently healthy controls.
Results: This study showed that there was an elevation of IL-6 in the sera of RA patients with high significant differences between RA patients and controls (P< 0.001). Moreover a good correlation between IL-6 level & RF titer were observed. However, for most patients with high IL-6 were shown to be HLA-DR4.
Conclusions: Interleukin-6 play

Background: Autoantibodies are frequently found in patients with chronic hepatitis C, which suggests that HCV elicit an immune response in the host. ). The relationship of type-2 AIH to
chronic hepatitis C (HCV) is an interesting and as yet unresolved problem. Importantly, antibodies to liver/kidney microsome type-1 (LKM1), the serologic marker of type 2-AIH, have been recognized in serum of some patients with chronic hepatitis C.
Methods: Anti-liver kidney microsome type 1 (LKM-1) autoantibodies were studied by indirect immuno florescence assay (IIF) and confirmed by immunoblot in the serum of 73 Iraqi patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in comparison with 50 patients control (HCV infection) and 50&nb

Background: Men with azoospermia require testicular and epididymal sperm aspiration for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Women over 37 years of age demonstrate
an increase number of immature oocytes after induction of ovulation. The development of a technique for in vitro maturation (IVM) and fertilization (IVF) of
the oocytes using testicular, epididymal and vassal sperm (TS, ES, VS, respectively) will be of therapeutic value for the treatment of azoospermic patients.
Objectives: The goal of the study was to develop an animal model for the treatment of infertile couples with obstructive azoospermia and immature oocytes.
Materials and Methods: Canine ovaries and testes were collected from a local animal&n

Background: Syphilis disease remain as a problem especially in developing countries. it can be detected by serological tests and the infection may affected the immunoglobulins concentration and may cause spontaneous abortion.

• Causes of Laser Hazard
I - Inherent Hazards to Laser Beam Direct or reflected laser beams have consequential health effects range from minor skin burn to irreversible eye injuries. The hazards depend on the
power output and wavelength of the used laser and depend on the exposure time and MPE. ti & 2)

Background : Left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease represents important and serious portion of coronary artery disease(CAD).
Aim: The aim of this study is to estimate the incidence of LMCA disease among patients with CAD undergoing coronary artery angiography and to evaluate clinical characteristics of patients with LMCA disease.
Methods: The study involved review of clinical notes and coronary angiography of 1020 patients with CAD in Ibin Al Bitar hospital for cardiac surgery between April and September 2004.This review included evaluation of electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram(ECHO), ECG exercise test (EET) and coronary angiography.
Results: Among 56 patients proved to have left main corona

Background: Heart failure is a common clinical syndrome with a high morbidity and mortality, despite advances in medical treatment. Death from dangerous ventricular arrhythmias is
frequently implicated.
Patients, materials & methods: Eighty patients with heart failure (HF) (fitting the criteria of heart failure) who were admitted to the medical city teaching hospital during a period of 8
months, were studied for incidence of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (N.S.V.T.) (detected by Holter monitoring) and its association with the severity of left ventricular dysfunction
(measured by ejection fraction), ventricular size (measured by left ventricular end diastolic dimension), and other factors .
Res

Hypertension (HT) remains poorly controlled even in the developed countries in spite of the improvement in management. Many studies found that about 70% of people with HT remain
uncontrolled. The aim of this study is to determine the proportion, and determinants of uncontrolled HT (UHT) among treated hypertensive patients. A random sample of 214 known
hypertensive patients, on regular treatment for a minimum of one year was included. The mean of three blood pressure (BP) readings measured two weeks apart was considered. Controlled BP was defined as systolic BP≤140mmHg, and diastolic BP≤90 mmHg. A questionnaire was used to collect data on certain demographic variables (age, gender, marital status, educat