The object of this work is to investigate the effect of the addition of methanol on the shelf life and color characteristics of novolak resin. Different percentages were added and two mechanisms were suggested for the addition. High ortho structure (1, 2-3) novolak resin was prepared and used in the above investigation. Experimental determination using FT-IR and UV-spectroscopy showed that on the addition of 30% of methanol and according to the second mechanism of addition novolak shelf life increased to 12 months without obvious decomposition and color change. It is suggested that methanol plays an important role in the inhabitation of the reactive sites on the resin that are responsible for the oxidation of the polymer when exposed to

The esterification reaction of ethyl alcohol and acetic acid catalyzed by the ion exchange resin, Amberlyst 15, was investigated. The experimental study was implemented in an isothermal batch reactor. Catalyst loading, initial molar ratio, mixing time and temperature as being the most effective parameters, were extensively studied and discussed. A maximum final conversion of 75% was obtained at 70°C, acid to ethyl alcohol mole ratio of 1/2 and 10 g catalyst loading. Kinetic of the reaction was correlated with Langmuir-Hanshelwood model (LHM). The total rate constant and the adsorption equilibrium of water as a function of the temperature was calculated. The activation energies were found to be as 113876.9 and -49474.95 KJ per Kmol of ac

Batch reactive distillation was studied in packed bed column. Esterification of methanol with acetic acid to produce methyl acetate and water with homogenous sulfuric acid as a catalyst was considered. This system was chosen because the reaction is reversible and the boiling point of reactant and products are different.
The reaction was carried out with and without distillation column and shows that the reactive distillation is more efficient from the conventional process (reactor and then separation). The conversion of acetic acid and concentration of methyl acetate increase by (30.43% and 75.14%) respectively at the best condition (reflux ratio 2, feed mole ratio 2 and batch time 90 minute).
The influence of various parameters, s

   This study demonstrates a sustainable, "trash-to-treasure" approach by synthesizing silica (SiO₂) and alumina (Al₂O₃) nanoparticles (30–80 nm) from local waste materials—specifically bentonite clay and aluminum wire waste—and evaluating their performance as eco-friendly additives in 350 mL water-based drilling fluids at concentrations ranging from 0 to 1 g. Tested under harsh subsurface conditions, the incorporated nanoparticles significantly enhanced the fluids' rheological properties, lubricity, filtration control, and swelling inhibition, with performance scaling alongside nanoparticle concentration. Notably, at a 1 g dosage, the fluid's yield point spiked from a baseline of 9 to 42 for SiO<

   The performance of pomegranate peel treated with oleic acid (PPOA) was studied using a batch mode for ciprofloxacin (CIP) adsorption from an aqueous solution. Although other studies have investigated chemical modification with various chemical agents, the novel use of oleic acid for modification yields unprecedented results in terms of CIP removal efficiency. Dependent parameters were optimized using the sample pH, contact interval, initial CIP concentration, and adsorbent dose. Using response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD), a dose of 0.3 g/100 mL produced excellent removal efficiency (above 81%) for CIP concentrations of 60 mg/L after 90 minutes of contact at pH 6. With an R² (correlation

   Aqueous mineral carbonation is one of the most important methods of permanent CO₂ sequestration in Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS). This is carried out using alkaline pH-risers to neutralize the acidity of carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) to cause a change in the chemical balance to carbonate ions (CO₃^2-). This paper assesses the different sources of alkalinity with special reference to the performance of caustic soda (NaOH) and soda ash (Na₂CO₃) under industrial circumstances. It has been shown in experiments that caustic soda is the most effective reagent in quick mineralization. It causes a sudden early increase in pH (about 2.0 to 2.5 units per gra

   The paper introduces a state-of-the-art Physics Augmented Machine Learning framework to predict the critical geomechanical property – Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) – in the Zubair reservoir of the Zubair field for mitigating the risk of CO₂ storage. The geomechanical results and modeling workflow were obtained via an integrated software system that was developed in Python, while all computational processes and model training were conducted in the Deepnote interactive cloud computing environment; thus, all of the necessary libraries and the high-performance processing capacities were seamlessly integrated. Through the comparison of six ensemble algorithms which are Categorical Boosting (CatBoost), XGBoost )Extr

   The rising level of Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) concentration and the growing energy demand of the world have given a desperate necessity of carbon-neutral and sustainable energy sources. Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS), especially CO₂-Enhanced Gas Recovery (CO₂-EGR) has become an attractive technology to maximize hydrocarbon recovery with a minimal environmental impact. The paper introduces an AI-based system of recovering carbon-neutral gas by implementing CO₂ gas injection and storage. A number of supervised learning models, including XGBoost, Random Forest (RF), and a hybrid RF-XGBoost, were used in conjunction with data preprocessing and feature engineering to come up with the

   Petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW) is becoming a big problem for both people and the environment, so researchers have been trying harder to find better ways to treat it. One option that looks really promising is using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to break down all the pollutants inside this wastewater. In this study, new-designed photoreactor was used to conduct a photocatalysis approach that aimed to remove the chemical oxygen demand (COD) from PRW collected from Al-Diwaniya refinery in the south of Iraq. The geometrically optimized photoreactor enhances the formation of the free radicals required for efficient degradation by maximizing mass transfer and light dispersion. Bare TiO₂ and SiO₂/TiO₂ were fabricated as pho

   Given the environmental and health risks posed by sulfur pollutants, their removal and the production of lower sulfur hydrocarbon fuels are essential. Therefore, oxidative desulfurization (ODS) technology has become crucial as it operates efficiently under moderate conditions. This study focused on the synthesis of a (Fe₂O₃ + NiO)/SiO₂ catalyst via incipient wetness impregnation, followed by drying at 120°C and calcination at 600°C. Several tests were performed on the catalyst before its application: BET, TGA, and SEM-EDX. The BET results showed a decrease in surface area from 166.47 to 149.57 m² g⁻¹ after metal loading, confirming the fixation of iron and nickel oxides on the silica support. XRD and FTIR analyses confir

      Nanoporous-SnO₂ films were electrochemically prepared via anodizing of metallic tin electrodeposited on a cylindrical copper substrate using rotating cylinder electrode Technique. The effects of anodizing potential (4-7V), oxalic acid (OA) concentration (0.1-0.5M), time (10-20), and rotation speed (150-450 rpm) on the electrochemical activity of SnO₂ as an anode in degrading methylene blue (MB) were investigated. Results showed that increasing oxalic acid concentration gives better performance in degrading MB while increasing anodizing potential enhanced the electrode activity up to a potential of 5 V beyond which no enhancement of electrode activity towared MB degradation was noted. Longer time of anodizing has o

   Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent and toxic contaminants that are difficult to remove from complex wastewater because dissolved organic matter, salts, co-pollutants, and membrane fouling reduce treatment efficiency. This study evaluated an integrated adsorption-membrane process for PFAS removal through combined Aspen Plus/MATLAB simulation and bench-scale validation using synthetic complex wastewater. Adsorbent dosage (0.10-1.00 g/L), transmembrane pressure (4-10 bar), and filtration time were investigated. Standalone adsorption was limited by its reduced affinity for short-chain PFAS and by competitive uptake of co-existing dissolved organic matter, whereas standalone nanofiltration was constrained by progre

   Conversion of waste tires and date stones into char through co-pyrolysis is an effective way to safely remove and recycle these materials. This study tested char as a low-cost adsorbent for removing nitrate and phosphate in fixed-bed systems, offering a way to reuse waste tires and date stones. The effects of inlet pollutant concentration (50, 150, and 300 mg/L), flow rate (5, 10, and 15 ml/min), and bed height (5, 10, and 15 cm) on the adsorption system’s breakthrough were measured. Characteristics of char were analyzed via the Fourier transform of infrared (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and zeta potential. The fixed-bed analysis demonstrated superior correlation of breakthrough data with both the Yoon-Nelson and Thomas mo

   The cost of raw materials and the production process remain major challenges hindering the expansion of biodiesel production on a large scale. Several technologies have been developed to reduce production costs. This research aims to investigate the energy recovery and economic aspects of biodiesel production from used cooking oil (WCO) using conventional and microwave (batch and continuous) transesterification technology. Used cooking oils are an alternative source of energy, given their high potential for use in biofuels production, especially biodiesel. The production of biodiesel in this study relies on a basic esterification reaction using calcium oxide prepared from willow leaves as a catalyst. The results showed that the opti

   Drilling operations in the Halfaya oilfield frequently encounter severe wellbore instability challenges. When navigating shale deposits, wellbore instability remains the primary operational concern. Based on the analysis of the wellbore instability intervals, low-strength shale and marlstone formations are identified as the principal unstable zones that lead to non-productive time and higher drilling costs. By planning a safe operating mud window, these non-productive times and drilling costs can be mitigated. Several wellbore instability concerns have been found in a southern Iraqi oil field. A problem-diagnostic technique was done by evaluating well log data, drilling reports, mud logging reports, and pore pressure readings. In we

    Water contamination is a pressing global concern, especially regarding the presence of nitrate ions. This research focuses on addressing this issue by developing an effective adsorbent for removing nitrate ions from aqueous solutions. two adsorbents Chitosan-Zeolite-Zirconium (Cs-Ze-Zr composite beads and Chitosan-Bentonite-Zirconium Cs-Bn-Zr composite beads were prepared. The study involved continuous experimentation using a fixed bed column with varying bed heights (1.5 and 3 cm) and inlet flow rates (1 and 3 ml/min). The results showed that the breakthrough time increased with higher bed heights for both Cs-Ze-Zr and Cs-Bn-Zr composite beads. Conversely, an increase in flow rate led to a decrease in breakthrough time. Notab

Hydrocarbon displacement at the pore scale is mainly controlled by the wetness properties of the porous media. Consequently, several techniques including nanofluid flooding were implemented to manipulate the wetting behavior of the pore space in oil reservoirs. This study thus focuses on monitoring the displacement of oil from artificial glass porous media, as a representative for sandstone reservoirs, before and after nanofluid flooding. Experiments were conducted at various temperatures (25 – 50° C), nanoparticles concentrations (0.001 – 0.05 wt% SiO₂ NPs), salinity (0.1 – 2 wt% NaCl), and flooding time. Images were taken via a high-resolution microscopic camera and analyzed to investigate the displacement of the oil