Anastrozole (ANZ) is considered constitute of the fourth –generation of Non–steroidal aromatase blockage, ANZ has use for hormone receptor positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The serious side effects of ANZ including, vaginal dryness, hot flashes, irritability, breast tenderness and un–stability in circulation.

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have recently emerged as a multifunctional platform for drug delivery in cancer therapy.

Five formula were composed of (200 mg of glyceryl monostearate, 40 mg of oleic acid , 1% (w/w) Tween 80, 1% (w/w) Poloxamer 407, 1% (w/w) soy lecithin and Vitamin E Polyethylene Glycol Succinate.

The mean particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapme

Isradipine belong to dihydropyridine (DHP) class of calcium channel blockers (CCBs). It is  used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, in addition to Parkinson disease. It goes under the BCS class II drug (low solubility-high permeability). The drug will experience extensive first-pass metabolism in liver, therefore, oral bio-availability will be approximately15 to 24 %.

 The aim of this study was to formulate and optimize a stable  nanoparticles of a highly hydrophobic drug, isradipine by anti-solvent microprecipitation Method to achieve the higher in vitro dissolution rate, so that it will be absorbed by intestinal lymphatic transport in order to avoid hepatic first-pass metabolism&nbs

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disorder that is a serious health concern all over the globe, it is linked to Interleukin-10 (IL-10) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the promoter region. On the other hand, diabetes influences the cellular and humoral immunity predisposing the patient to a variety of opportunistic parasites one of them is Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), which may infect any nucleated cell, including pancreatic cells. The purpose of this research was to explore the association of IL-10 genetic polymorphisms with T2DM and latent toxoplasmosis among Iraqi patients with T2DM. Fifty-five and fifty-eight venous blood samples were taken from T2DM patients and age-matched non-diabetic person

Background: Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new blood vessels. However, angiogenesis in cancer will lead to tumour growth and metastasis. Therefore, anti-angiogenesis is one of the ways to slow down growth and spreading of tumour. Moringa oleifera is also known as a “Miracle tree” which has high nutritive value and various therapeutics effect in different parts of the plant. This study aims to determine the anti-angiogenic property of Moringa oleifera leaves extract by using chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Materials and Methods: The extracts were prepared by decoction method using methanol and water. The qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out for

    The current study performed in order to detect and quantify epicatechin in two tea samples of Camellia sinensis (black and green tea) by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Extraction of epicatechin from black and green tea was done by using two different methods: maceration (cold extraction method) and decoction (hot extraction method) involved using three different solvents which are  absolute ethanol, 50% aqueous ethanol and water  for both extraction methods using room temperature and direct heat respectively. Crude extracts of two tea samples that obtained from two methods were fractionated by using two solvents with different polarity (chloroform and

Ciprofloxacin is widely used in treating adults infected with Gram-negative bacteria. It is contraindicated in children, growing adolescents and during pregnancy due to joint toxicity. Its toxicity concerning other organs needs to be clarified. Thus, this study was designed to study the possible cardiac damage induced by two selected doses of ciprofloxacin in juvenile rats.Eighteenth healthy juvenile rats (4 weeks old and their weight 30 ± 2 gm) were utilized in this study and divided into three groups. Group-I control; group II and group III, respectively injected IP with 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg ciprofloxacin every 12 hours for one week. Serum enzymes activities alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase  (AST), cr

Piperine, a crystalline alkaloid compound isolated from Piper nigrum, piper longum, and other types of piper, has had many fabulous pharmacological advantages for preventing and treating some specific diseases, such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimetastatic, antithyroid, immunomodulatory, antitumor, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, Alzheimer's, and improving the bioavailability of other drugs. However, its potential for clinical use through oral usage is hindered by water solubility and poor bioavailability. The low level of oral bioavailability is caused by low solubility in water and is photosensitive, susceptible to isomerization by UV light, which causes piperine concentration to decrease. Many different

The most prevalent chronic complication of diabetes mellitus is diabetic neuropathy. The pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy is exacerbated by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, which causes nerves to deteriorate in a programmed manner. Many clinical trials depend on supplement in an attempt to improve neuropathy symptoms such as (pain & tingling) and patient quality of life, one of them is Coenzyme Q10 which is reported to have an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and was totally nontoxic and non-reported side effects. This study aimed to evaluate using a Coenzyme Q10 supplement as an adjuvant therapy to gabapentin to improve the clinical symptoms of diabetic neuropathy in relation to its anti-inflammatory and antioxid

Emergency contraceptives (ECs) are indicated for preventing the chance of unintended pregnancy that follows unprotected sexual intercourse in cases of incorrectly used regular contraceptives and in sexual assault. It is considered a safe choice to prevent pregnancy than abortion which is considered life threating. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of community pharmacists towards emergency contraceptives and their association with sociodemographic variables. This study was a cross sectional study conducted between August and September 2021 on a convenient sample of community pharmacists from Iraq. The survey tool was an online, self-administered questionnaire, in English language and a paper-bas

Ondansetron HCl (OND) is a potent antiemetic drug used for control of nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. It exhibits only 60 – 70 % of oral bioavailability due to first pass metabolism and has a relative short half-life of 3-5 hours. Poor bioavailability not only leads to the frequent dosing but also shows very poor patient adherence. Hence, in the present study an approach has been made to develop OND nanoparticles using eudragit^® RS100 and eudragit^® RL100 polymer to control release of OND for transdermal delivery and to improve patient compliance.

Six formulas of OND nanoparticles were prepared using nanoprecipitation technique. The particles sizes and zeta potential were measured

Desert truffle is considered as a type of Syrian wild fungi that spreads heavily, and it occupies important rank in folk medicine, where its aqueous extract is used for the treatment of some eye and skin illnesses, and people prefer the use of black truffle. This work interested in studying of the most available species; Terfezia claveryi (black) and Tirmania pinoyi (white). The extracts of the two species of truffle were prepared by maceration with water, methanol, and ethanol 70%. Their total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) were analyzed using Folin-ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride methods respectively, and their antioxidant activities was tested using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and

Gum Arabic is a natural gummy exudate gained from the trees of Acacia species (Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal), Family: Fabaceae. Gum Arabic considers as a dietary fiber with a high percentage of carbohydrates and low protein content. Sugars arabinose and ribose were originally discovered and isolated from gum Arabic and it is representing the original source of these sugars. A gum emanation from trees occurs under stress conditions such as heat, poor soil fertility, drought, and injury. Mainly gum is produced in belt region of Africa, mainly Sudan, Chad, and Nigeria. In the food industry, it is used in confectionery; in the pharmaceutical industry, it is used as emulsifier, film coating and others. Traditionally the g

Hypertrophic scars are fibroproliferative illnesses caused by improper wound healing, during that, excessive inflammation, angiogenesis, and differentiated human dermal fibroblast (HDF ) function contribute to scarring, whereas hyperpigmentation negatively affects scar quality. Over 100 million patients heal with a scar every year. To investigate the role of the beta 2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR); Ritodrine, in wound scarring, the ability of beta 2 adrenergic receptor agonist (β2ARag) to alter HDF differentiation and function, wound inflammation, angiogenesis, and wound scarring was explored in HDFs, zebrafish, chick chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM), and a porcine skin wound model, respectively. A study identify a β2AR-mediated m

        Isradipine related to dihydropyridine (DHP) class of calcium channel blockers (CCBs). It is  used to treat hypertension, angina pectoris, as well as Parkinson disease. It goes under the BCS class II drug (low solubility-high permeability). The drug will experience extensive first-pass metabolism in liver, thus, oral bio-availability will be approximately15 to 24 %. 

       The aim of the study is preparing stable oral oil in water (o/w) nanoemulsion of isradipine to promote the colloidial dispersion of isradipine in the nano range, so that it may be absorded by intestinal lymphatic transport in order to avoid hepatic first-pass metabolism (israpidi

       Atorvastatin have problem of very slightly aqueous solubility (0.1-1 mg/ml). Nano-suspension is used to enhance it’s of solubility and dissolution profile. The aim of this study is to formulate Atorvastatin as a nano-suspension to enhance its solubility due to increased surface area of exposed for dissolution medium, according to Noyes-Whitney equation.

        Thirty one formulae were prepared to evaluate the effect of ; Type of polymer, polymer: drug ratio, speed of homogenization, temperature of preparation and inclusion of co-stabilizer in addition to the primary one; using solvent-anti-solvent precipitation method under high power of ultra-sonication.

         Aceclofenac (AC) is an orally active phenyl acetic acid derivative, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with exceptional anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties. It has low aqueous solubility, leading to slow dissolution, low permeability and inadequate bioavailability. The aim of the current study was to prepare and characterize AC-NS-based gel to enhance the dissolution rate and then percutaneous permeability. NS.s were prepared using solvent/antisovent precipitation method at different drug to polymer ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) using different polymers such as poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP-K25), hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC-E5) and poloxamer® (388) as stabilizer

Dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis (SD) are common skin disorders affecting the scalp and extending to other body sites in the case of SD. They are associated with pruritus and scaling, causing an esthetical disturbance in the population affected.   Treatment of such conditions involves using a variety of drugs for long terms, thus optimizing drug formulation is essential to improve therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Conventional topical formulations like shampoos and creams have been widely used but their use is associated with disadvantages. To overcome such effects, novel topical nanotechnology-based formulations are currently under investigation. In the following article, we highlight recently published formulatio

Alginate is one of the natural biopolymers that is widely used for drug formulations, combination of alginate with other polymers, such as gum acacia, pectin, and carrageenan can increase mechanical strength, therefore, can reduce leakage of the encapsulated active pharmaceutical ingredient from the polymer matrix. Interaction of alginate and these polymers can occur via intermolecular hydrogen bonds causing synergism, which is determined from the viscosity of polymer mixture.

Alginate was combined with gum acacia/pectin/carrageenan in different blending ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100) with and without addition of CaCl₂. The synergism effect is obtained from the design of experimental (DoE), and calculati

Toxins, especially 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), are among the most commonly utilized models of Parkinson's disease (PD) based on the method utilized, MPTP causes different changes like striatal dopamine depletion , and behavioral abnormality. Phytochemical analysis of Echinops mosulensis extract indicated that there was significant amount of flavonoid present in extract. Flavonoids are belonging to several kinds of plant polyphenols exert a potent antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of present study was to investigate neuroprotective effect of flavonoid fractions of Iraqi Echinops mosulensis on induced PD model in mice. Forty male mice were randomly arrayed i

     A new series of ether and thioether derivatives of sulfadiazine (T1-T3 and E1-E3) have been synthesized from reaction of sulfadiazine with chloroacetyl chloride and the resultant compounds treated with different phenols and thiols. The structures of target ether and thioether derivatives were confirmed depending on their analytical and spectral data. The antimicrobial effect of the final derivatives has been tested in vitro with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and candida albicans. The antibacterial activity of the target compounds after three days of incubation demonstrated that all the evaluated derivatives exhibited

Paclitaxel (Taxol) belongs to the initial taxane category and is employed for treating diverse types of cancers, including ovarian, lung, and breast cancers. Paclitaxel is associated with the highest prevalence of peripheral neuropathy. The detection of PIPN may necessitate a reduction in dosage or discontinuation of treatment, which can have consequences for cancer care. Activation of AT2R has shown neuroprotective effects in different rodent models. this study aims to assess the potential impact of candesartan in mitigating the deleterious effect on human neuron cells. The methods involved in Immunocytochemistry to characterize the neuron cells depend on the expression of the B tubulin III protein. WST-8 test was used on human neuron c

 Obesity is complex and chronic  disease . it had negative impact on general health , quality of life and elevation in mortality rate . The liver is the most affected organs by obesity. The use of plants different active constituents which had different pharmacological effects. One of these constituents are the polyphenols which had  antioxidants and anti-inflammatory effects. Accordingly, polyphenols nowadays  have become one of the most important therapeutic protocols today. Acai berry extract's had different pharmacological benefits due to its  anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity  The aim of the present study is to assess the hepatoprotective impact of acai berry extract in rats fed a diet rich i

The objective of this work is to isolate, characterize, and quantify two bioactive substances from Basella alba (Malabar spinach), a plant of nutritional and therapeutic value. Vitexin and p-coumaric acid were isolated and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and Their characterization was carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the spiking method, where the iso

Opioid receptors belong to G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) family, and are divided into 3 subtypes of Mu, Kappa and Delta. The receptors are targeted by agonists and antagonists to manage variety of medical issues. Although main endogenous ligands for opioid receptors are peptides, a diverse set of non-peptide molecules can also bind orthosteric and allosteric sites of the receptor. Virtual screening for active agonists and antagonists using structure-based molecular docking is challenged by receptor flexibility, multimerization and orthosteric/allosteric sites coordination. Meanwhile, ligand-based virtual screening is more reliable. In this research grid-based alignment-independent molecular fingerprint (GRIND) and convolutional neura

Poor aqueous solubility remains a limiting step for many recently discovered active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), especially the drugs that are classified under the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II and IV. These compounds exhibit poor dissolution in gastrointestinal fluids which leads to limited oral bioavailability.  One of the strategies that has been studied to combat this challenge is Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD), which acts by improving the drug solubility through molecular dispersion in polymeric carriers. However, the efficacy of ASDs is significantly dependent on the ability of the recruited polymer to maintain the drug in an amorphous state and ensure physical and chemical stability for a long term.

Cardiovascular drugs are the most commonly prescribed therapeutic classes among older adults, reflecting the high burden of cardiovascular diseases in those patients. Prescribing in elderly people is challenging due to age-related physiological changes, geriatric syndromes, and multi-morbidity. Identifying risk factors associated with medication use is imperative to improve medication management, reduce the risk of medication errors, and optimize therapeutic outcomes. The aim of the present study was to explore medication-related risk factors among a group of older patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted using convenience sampling method to enroll hospitalized older patients attending the Cardiac Care Unit of Baquba Teaching Hosp

Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among women worldwide. Regarding the androgen receptor's existence as a likely prognostic indicator, there has been interest in its relationship with various molecular markers such as estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu), as well as its association with clinicopathological features and therapeutic targets. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of AR and its association with clinicopathological features in Iraqi women who were newly diagnosed with breast cancer. We retrospectively analyzed AR expression using immunohistochemistry from 96 tissue samples of breast cancer patients between February 2024 and J

Owing to the restricted oral bioavailability of antimigraine drugs Rizatriptan Benzoate (RNB), nasal delivery was employed in lieu of enhancing the bioavailability and brain targeting through utilizing spanlastics nanovascular. This work sought to formulate RNB as mucoadhesive spanlastics nanovesicles and assess the pharmacokinetic parameters and histopathological effects of the formulations on the nasal mucosa of rats. RNB was formulated as mucoadhesive spanlastics nanovesicles; the study comprised 68 Wistar rats, each weighing 200±35 g, divided into three groups (control, IN, and IV). RNB is quantified in rat plasma and brain using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The pharmacokinetic studies on rats indi

Insomnia is the second most common mental disorder and causes several health risks. Stevia water extract is a popular natural sweetener and promotes health benefits including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-hypertension. This study investigates the potential of Diterpenoid-Water-Extract Compounds as a target for insomnia therapy through the use of dopamine receptors (D2/D4) in silico.  This research method includes: Stevia water extract compounds resulting from LCMS analysis as ligands and proteins of D4 dopamine receptor (id: 5wiv) and D2 dopamine receptor (id: 6cm4) were taken from the database, then native ligands and bioactive compounds were docked again and their interactions were analy