Ovarian cancer has a high mortality and delayed diagnosis. Several immunological alterations take place during ovarian carcinogenesis, and can be of value in the surveillance of the diseases. This research was conducted to evaluate serum immunoglobulin levels in women with ovarian cancer and to assess their role in disease process. The present study is composed of 85 women (mean age = 62.03±12.4 yrs) with clinically and pathologically confirmed ovarian cancer and 65 healthy females as a control group (mean age = 61±12.1 yrs). ELISA test was achieved for the determination of serum [IgG, IgA, IgM]. The findings of current study illustrated significant (P=0.001) increase in serum IgG, IgA, and IgM levels as compared to co

Abstract

The present study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and experience of off-label prescribing practice among physicians in Baghdad city hospitals. This cross-sectional study was performed through the period from November 1^st 2018 to March 2019 at 17 hospitals, a self-administered questionnaire was utilized to collect data from the physicians, and the targeted hospitals were randomly selected at different regions in Baghdad City area. Out of the 400 distributed questionnaires to the physicians, 383 of them were returned completed, 57.2% indicated that they were reasonably familiar with the term “off label drug”, 57.7% mentioned that the most common medical reasons for the prescribing o

The rheological behavior among factors that are present in Stokes law can be used to control the stability of the colloidal dispersion system. The felodipine lipid polymer hybrid nanocarriers  (LPHNs) is an interesting colloidal dispersion system that is used for rheological characteristic analysis. The LPHNs compose of polymeric components and lipids. This research aims to prepare oral felodipine LPHNs to investigate the effect of independent variables on the rheological behavior of the nanosystem. The microwave-based technique was used to prepare felodipine LPHNs (H1-H9) successfully. All the formulations enter the characterization process for particle size and PDI to ascertain the colloidal properties of the prepared nanosystem t

Both methotrexate and vitamin D3 are used in combination for the treatment of various diseases. The aim of this study is to highlight the effect of vitamin D3 on methotrexate-induced jejunum damage using biochemical and   histopathological  studies. Seven groups of both sexes of rats were selected and treated as follows: (Group I and Group II) : control 1,control 2 (I.P normal saline) daily for 14 and 21 days respectively ; (Group III and Group IV) :vitamin D3 groups (500 IU/rat/day) orally for 14 and 21 days, respectively;(Group V): once daily dose of methotrexate 20mg/kg, I.P injected for 4 days;(Group VI):vitamin D3 (500 IU/rat/day) once daily for 14 days and methotrexate (20 mg/kg I.P) injected only at day 10;.(Group

         Recently, emulgel has emerged as one of the most interesting topical preparations in the field of pharmaceutics. In this research clotrimazole was formulated as topically applied emulgel ; different formulas were prepared. The prepared emulgels were evaluated for their physical appearance , rheological behaviour , and in vitro drug release . The influence of the type of gelling agent (carbopol 934 and methyl cellulose), the concentration of both the emulsifying agent (2% and 4% w/w of mixture of span 20 and tween 20) and the oil phase (5% and 7.5% w/w of liquid paraffin) and the type of oil phase (liquid paraffin and cetyl alcohol), on the drug release from the prepared emulgels was invest

Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant agent which acts on the central nervous system and used for the treatment of epilepsy. Carbamazepine was formulated as an oral extended release tablets using ethyl cellulose as retardant substance. Different types of tablets additives such as cellulose materials (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose  and microcrystalline cellulose ), lactose, calcium phosphate and solubilizing agents ( sodium lauryl sulphate and polyethylene glycol 6000) were utilized to study their effect on the release profile of drug from ethyl cellulose matrices. It was found that sodium carboxymethyl cellulose increased the carbamazepine release and the same effect was obtained when the same amount of microcrystalline cellulose used

Three Schiff bases from Benzaldehyde and Salicylaldehyde have been synthesized (A, 1and 2) and two of them (1and 2) have been tested for anti-inflammatory activity. The p-aminobenzene sulfonamide has been synthesized from acetanilide through the addition of excess chlorosulfonic acid then concentrated ammonia solution; Schiff base of this derivative (2) exhibited good level of activity against egg-white induced edema in rat hind paw, while the other tested derivative exhibited no activity.

Key words: Schiff bases, sulfonamide derivatives, salicylaldehyde

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is known as carbohydrate intolerance first detected during pregnancy. Pregnancy is periods of intense hormonal changes. The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible relation between the changes in serum hormones such as Luteinizing hormone (LH) , follicle stimulating hormone(FSH), Progesterone, and Prolactin with gestational diabetes mellitus. Thirty patients with gestational diabetes mellitus aged (22 -40) year attending the national center for treatment and research of diabetes/ AL-Mustansiriya University in Baghdad and 29 controls aged (20-39) year were participated. Hormonal tests including, FSH, LH, Progesterone, and Prolactin were detected by using Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay (ELFA) k

Nitrogen heterocycles are of a special interest because they constitute an important class of natural and non natural products, many of which exhibit useful biological activities.Among these nitrogen heterocycles are 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole containing compounds. The therapeutic effects of these derivatives have been well studied for a number of pathological conditions including inflammation, pain, or hypertension. Moreover, synthesis of thiadiazoles has attracted wide-spread attention due to their diverse applications as antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal anti-inflammatory and antidepressant agents.According to this information’s new derivatives of 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole were designed and synthesized and in the hope of having some act

 There are obstacles to high levels of hypertension awareness that are embedded in gender, income and lifestyle habits which need to be addressed leading to high levels of undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension. This study aimed to explore the various factors which affect hypertension awareness among a hypertensive population in a tertiary care hospital.

 A quantitative study was conducted among hypertensive patients at a tertiary care hospital in Selangor, Malaysia. A validated and translated questionnaire was utilised as a data collection tool. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 25.

A thousand participants (female n=621, male n= 379) were recruited, and their

Cyclophosphamide which acts as cytotoxic alkylating agent can induce a renal damage through the toxic metabolites which result from metabolic activation of Cyclophosphamide by cytochrome P-450 inside hepatocyte and develop renal toxicity by direct binding with cellular organelles in the urinary tract cells. Guggulsterone is a sterol derived from plant has ability to bind to farsenoid X receptor, mineral corticosteroid receptor, androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor and estrogen receptor.

Kaempferia parviflora (KP), also known as Black ginger or Kra-chi-dum in Thailand, is a Zingiberaceae plant native to Thailand and Malaysia. This plant is commonly used by the community as a spice in cooking and healthy drinks for disease prevention and treatment. According to research, KP extracts have broad bioactivity against infectious diseases caused by viruses and bacteria, as well as diseases related to metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, aging, and gastrointestinal disorders. KP is also effective as an anticancer agent. This review article focuses on KP's anticancer activity and possible mechanisms of action. Furthermore, the botanical aspect and content of active compounds are investigated in this ar

Abstract

Objectives: To assess the Prevalence of Excessive daytime sleepiness in Iraqi medical students

Background: Excessive Daytime Sleepiness is a common problem among medical students, which can lead to poor academic performance, decreased quality of life, and increased risk of accidents. Understanding the factors associated with this sleepiness can help in developing effective interventions to improve the sleep quality and overall well-being of medical students

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional analysis was carried out in October 2022 by filling a google form. Colleges of medicine in Iraq. The study targeted 250 medical students, using basic random sam

Purpose:To evaluate knowledge, practice and attitude of community pharmacists in Basra regarding modified release dosage forms which are widely used for many therapeutic purposes in pharmacy practice.

Methods:The current study was conducted among certified pharmacists in Basra governorate- south of Iraq. Data collection was carried out by a questionnaire.

Results:A total number of 175 community pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. The majority worked in OTC based dispensing pharmacies located in the center of the city. Most respondents missed K1 and were unable to state the difference between different types of modified products. There was a major positive agreemen

Docetaxel is an effective treatment approved for many types of cancers, but its effectiveness in clinical practice can be compromised by significant occurrence of adverse drug reactions. The aim of the current study was to measure the distribution of adverse drug reactions of docetaxel reported in Iraq and to assess the causality, severity, seriousness, preventability, expectedness and outcome of these adverse reactions. A retrospective study conducted on individual case safety reports from the Iraqi Pharmacovigilance Center / Ministry of Health. The study included 118 individual case safety report containing 236 adverse drug reactions.
Most of the adverse drug reactions were related to skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders(26.7%), f

Pluronic F127 is one of the widely used thermoreversible gelling agent, and used in sol-to-gel transformation. It has been used to localize drug delivery such as nose-to-brain delivery which allows the direct targeting of drug molecules bypassing the systemic effect and BBB (Blood Brain Barrier). The anticancer drug lomustine had poor oral bioavailability in addition to its serious side effect, therefore, developing more effective drug delivery with direct targeting towards the brain through intra-nasal administration applying nanoemulsion-based-in situ gel technology is a promising alternative. The work involved formulation of lomustine as in situ gel using Pluronic F127 and study the effect of the polymer on solution to gel transition

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system abnormalities are the most prevalent cause of renal hemodynamic abnormalities, and candidate genes in this system are involved in the etiology of diabetic nephropathy (DN). A polymorphism in the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene I(insertion)\D(deletion) has been correlated to plasma ACE levels. Furthermore, the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor AGT1R (A1166C) expression pattern is highly related to nephropathy. The objectives of this study involved evaluating the frequency of the ACE (I/D) and AGT1R (A1166C) gene polymorphisms and investigating the association of these polymorphism with the development of DN in Iraqi patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and evaluating the levels of severa

Alopecia areata is a common disorder, hypothesized to be autoimmune in etiology. Cortisone taken orally may stimulate new hair growth. Prednisone (orally administered steroid (has proved effective for patients with alopecia areata, but its potential side effects include weight gain, metabolic abnormalities, acne and menstrual problems.

This clinical study was designed to assess the clinical significance of the nutrient antioxidants (vitamin A, vitamin E and vitamin C) in reducing the dose of corticosteroids (prednisolone), and as a consequence, their side effects in patient with alopecia. The results of this study reveal the potential clinical significance of the therapy for two months with these antioxidants in reducing the dose

          The aim of the present study is to formulate, evaluate and characterize the nanoemulsion of Domperidone a poorly water-soluble anti-emetic drug.

           Domperidone powder is white or almost white powder, photosensitive, practically insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol and in methanol; soluble in dimethylformamide. It is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting of various etiologies.

           Solubility studies were conducted to select the oil, surfactant and cosurfactant. Phase diagrams were constructed by aqueous phase

The first study reported for nasal brain drug delivery was in 1937. The uptake of nasal - brain drug delivery, has received a great deal of attention as a convenient, method for the systemic administration of drugs. Which are low less effective orally, and, only effective if administered by injection. Many well-known different pathways and routes for drug absorption via the nose are affected by various factors. Some of them are factors related to the natural physiology of the nose and mucociliary clearance, enzyme, blood flow in the nasal cavity, and diseases. The bio-fate of drugs instilled in nasal cavity, is mainly affected by the pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs Pharmaceutical nanoparticulate carriers, also

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common metabolic diseases, is caused by a mix of insulin-sensitive tissues' inadequate response to insulin and pancreatic β-cells' impaired insulin secretion. Adipsin is involved in preserving the homeostasis of adipose tissues and enhancing insulin secretion in response to glucose. Adipose tissue secretes adipokines, which are cell-signaling proteins that have been connected to various pathologies as well as a low-grade state of inflammation. Although the regulation of energy homeostasis is a well-established function of the obesity hormone leptin, there is increasing evidence that leptin is also essential for glycaemic control. The hormone leptin is a 167-residue peptide produced by the

Simvastatin (SIM), is an inactive lactone, anti-hyperlipidemic drug. The drug belongs to the class II group according to the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) with low bioavailability due to its low solubility. Adsorption technique is an effective technique for improving the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs by using the mesoporous silica. The present study aims to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of SIM using such technique. Soluplus® and poloxamer 407 were used as surfactants besides magnesium aluminum silicate (MAS) as adsorbent. All the MAS loading SIM formulations were prepared by the solvent evaporation method in different drug: adsorbent: surfactant weight ratios, then evaluated for th

Abstract:                                                                                                                Fluoroquinolones drugs are an important class of wide

Ivermectin (IVR) is widely used for the treatment of onchocerciasis and other nematode infections .Recent studies have reported that IVR has an anti-inflammatory effect and is used in the treatment of allergic asthma, dermatitis, and arthritis. Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease in which IL-17 and VEGF play an important role as pro-inflammatory and angiogenic mediators.To evaluate the therapeutic effect of IVR in psoriasis, we used an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis model in rats. Twenty-four male wister-albino rats, age 3-4 monthe and weighing 170-200 g were used in this experiment. They were assigned at random into four groups, each group include 6 animals. Rats in each group (except normal control gro

Flurbiprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) primarily indicated for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. However, like all other NSAIDs, it is associated with gastrointestinal discomfort. Also, multiple dosing is required due to its short half-life which results in decreasing patient compliance and adherence when the drug is given orally. Delivering flurbiprofen systemically through other routes is quite an appealing approach to overcome its distressing adverse effects and reduce its dosing frequency. Flurbiprofen was formulated to be carried in a terpene-enriched ultra-deformable liposomal system called “terpesome” utilizing the thin film hydration technique.

A new series of compounds were derived from 2-(2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)propanoic acid by reacting flurbiprofen ethyl ester with hydrazine hydrate to get flurbiprofen hydrazid(III) which then reacted with three different sulfonyl chloride compounds (Benzenesulfonyl Chloride, 4-toleunesulfonyl Chloride, 4-chlorosulfonyl Chloride) in the existence of triethylamine. Additionally, compound (III) and carbon disulfide were reacted to yield oxadiazole 2-thione (compound V), which was subsequently reacted with 4-chlorophenacyl bromide and 4-bromophenacyl bromide to yield the final products (Va & Vb). For characterization of the final compounds, FT-IR and ¹H-N

Many patients with chronic kidney (CKD) disease experience uremic pruritus (UP), which lowers quality of life. The intensity of UP varies and can cause anything from occasional pain to total restlessness during the day or night. this trial aimed to compare the efficacy of pregabalin and montelukast in uremic pruritus among CKD undergoing hemodialysis. For four weeks, this was a randomize prospective- intervention trial. patients with end-stage renal disease, between the ages of 30 and 75, been on hemodialysis at least one year and persistently severe pruritus had been included. Patients were split into Group P (n=25) receiving 50 mg of pregabalin and Group M (n=25) receiving 10 mg of montelukast. Every week, the effectiveness of the medi

Medication non-adherence is a significant challenge in chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly among elderly patients, leading to increased healthcare costs and adverse outcomes. This study aimed to assess the impact of pharmacist-led counselling and short message service (SMS) reminders on medication adherence and clinical outcomes in newly diagnosed elderly patients with T2DM. A 12-month prospective, open-label, randomized controlled study was conducted at an outpatient diabetic clinic, with 340 participants randomly assigned to either the Diaβcare or usual care groups. The Diaβcare group received pharmacist counselling sessions and SMS reminders, while the usual care group received standard care. Medic

Breast cancer is the leading cause of death and is the most frequent disease among women. Tamoxifen is an antiestrogen used to treat breast cancer. It may completely halt the disease's progression in high-risk individuals and lower the risk of death and recurrence in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Variations in tamoxifen responsiveness between individuals may be attributed to polymorphisms in the primary metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4. The wild genotype (GG) of rs35599367 was found to be most common in 100 female breast cancer patients who were hormone receptor positive and taking tamoxifen, according to the study. This genetic variation may have a significant impact, as the GG genotype is strongly linked to significantly lower leve

The acute phase response is a major pathophysiologic phenomenon that accompanies inflammation whether acute or chronic. Complement (C3 and C4) and C - reactive protein (CRP) are positive acute phase proteins (+ ve APPs ). Their production takes place in hepatocyte and the blood concentration of these parameters are increased in osteoarthritis (OA). Chloroquine (CQ) is a diprotic weak base traditionally used to treat malaria. Recently the phosphate salt of CQ is used to decrease this type of (+ve APPs) . In this study,  patients who suffered from knee osteoarthritis (KOA) are treated with oral dosage form of chloroquine phosphate (CQP) for one month, twice daily. Our results demonstrate that CQP improves the patient status by decreas