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In this investigation, metal matrix composites (MMC_s) were manufactured by using powder technology. Aluminum 6061 is reinforced with two different ceramics particles (SiC and B₄C) with different volume fractions as (3, 6, 9 and 12 wt. %). The most important applications of particulate reinforcement of aluminum matrix are: Pistons, Connecting rods etc. The specimens were prepared by using aluminum powder with 150 µm in particle size and SiC, B₄C powder with 200 µm in particle size. The chosen powders were mixed by using planetary mixing setup at 250 rpm for 4hr.with zinc stearate as an activator material in steel ball milling. After mixing process the powders were compacted by hydraulic

Two different oxidative desulfurization strategies based on oxidation/adsorption or oxidation/extraction were evaluated for the desulfurization of AL-Ahdab (AHD) sour crude oil (3.9wt% sulfur content). In the oxidation process, a homogenous oxidizing agent comprising of hydrogen peroxide and formic acid was used. Activated carbons were used as sorbent/catalyst in the oxidation/adsorption process while acetonitrile was used as an extraction solvent in the oxidation/extraction process. For the oxidation/adsorption scheme, the experimental results indicated that the oxidation desulfurization efficiency was enhanced on using activated carbon as catalyst/sorbent. The effects of the operating conditions (contact time, temperat

This work aims to analyze and study the bit performance in directional oil wells which leads to get experience about the drilled area by monitoring bit performance and analyzing its work. This study is concerned with Rumaila Oil Field by studying directional hole of one oil well with different angles of inclination. Drilling program was used in order to compare with used parameters (WOB, RPM and FR).in those holes. The effect of the drilling hydraulic system on the bit performance was studied as well as the hydraulic calculation can be done by using Excel program. This study suggests method which is used to predict the value of penetration rate by studying different formation type to choose the best drilling parameters t

Expansive soil spreads in Iraq and some countries of the world. But there are many problems can be occurred to the structures that built on, so we must study the characteristics of these soils due to the  problems that may be caused to these structures which built on these kinds of soil and then study the methods of treatment. The present study focuses on improving  the geotechnical properties of expansive soils by treating it Metakaolin(M). Metakaolin (M) has never been used before as an improvement material  for stabilizing the expansive soil . Metakaolin  is a pozzolanic material. It’s obtained by calcination of kaolinite clay at temperatures from 700°C to 800°C. Kaolin chemical composition is

The paper uses the Direct Synthesis (DS) method for tuning the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller for controlling the DC servo motor. Two algorithms are presented for enhancing the performance of the suggested PID controller. These algorithms are Back-Propagation Neural Network and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The performance and characteristics of DC servo motor are explained. The simulation results that obtained by using Matlab program show that the steady state error is eliminated with shorter adjusted time when using these algorithms with PID controller. A comparative between the two algorithms are described in this paper to show their effectiveness, which is found that the PSO algorithm gives be

In this paper, Response Surface Method (RSM) is utilized to carry out an investigation of the impact of input parameters: electrode type (E.T.) [Gr, Cu and CuW], pulse duration of current (I_p), pulse duration on time (T_on), and pulse duration off time (T_off) on the surface finish in EDM operation. To approximate and concentrate the suggested second- order regression model is generally accepted for Surface Roughness Ra, a Central Composite Design (CCD) is utilized for evaluating the model constant coefficients of the input parameters on Surface Roughness (Ra). Examinations were performed on AISI D2 tool steel. The important coefficients are gotten by achieving successfully an Analysis of V

    Heat exchanger is an important device in the industry for cooling or heating process. To increase the efficiency of heat exchanger, nanofluids are used to enhance the convective heat . transfer relative to the base fluid. - Al2O3/water nanofluid is used as cold stream in the shell and double concentric tube heat exchanger counter current to the hot stream basis oil. These nanoparticles were of particle size of 40 nm and it was mixed with a base fluid (water) at volume
concentrations of 0.002% and 0.004%. The results showed that each of Nusselt number and overall heat transfer coefficient increased as nanofluid concentrations increased. The pressure drop of nanofluid increased slightly than the base fluid because

In this study, a dynamic analysis of machine foundations under vertical excitations is carried out.
The effect of embedment and foundation geometry has been taken into account. The stiffness and
damping of soil are considered as frequency dependents. A computer program (CPESP) in FORTRAN POWER STATION has been coded to evaluate the stiffness and damping coefficients depending on excitation frequency and embedment depth. Results have shown that increasing the embedment depth leads to increasing the resonant frequency and decreasing the amplitude of vibration.

This research involves design & implementation of fractional – N frequency synthesizer with the following specifications: Frequency range (2350– 2750) MHz,Step size (1 kHz), Switching time 8.9 μs, & phase noise @10 kHz = -115dBc & spurious -69 dBc The third order Fractional –N technique was chosen to satisfy the design requirements. In this system the modulator placed on digital phase-locked loop to control the fractional value of the
frequency division ratio thereby eliminating spurious and allowing good phase noise performance. The development in I.C. technology provides the simplicity in the design of fractional –N frequency synthesizer because it implements the phase frequency detector(PFD) , prescalar,modul

The low order panel method with Neumann boundary condition have been used to predict the
normal force curve slope, the pitching moment curve slope, the center of pressure location and the
aerodynamic load distribution for missile in compressible, steady flow. The wing-body-canard
interference problem have been solved using two schemes (iterative method and internal singularity
method) both are based on the panel method. The normal force curve slope, the pitching moment
curve slope and the center of pressure location for a given missile has been predicted using the
present numerical method and the DATCOM technique.

This study included three trials that were made during December 2003 by using lime, of 98% w/w
calcium hydroxide to find the relation between lime doses to be added and the hardness removed
.The trials were performed by adding various doses of lime and measuring the hardness, electrical
conductivity and pH in water produce by three plants, Nissan in the north of Baghdad, Al-Karama
and Al-Wathba water treatment plant in Baghdad center. The objective of this study is to find the optimum lime dose that gives the minimum hardness content. The results indicate a non linear relation between lime dose added and the hardness removed . The results represented a 36% removal in hardness when using an optimum dose of lime 200 ppm in Niss

In most of the construction projects, there are many events or risks may occur during the execution
of project. These risks (e.g. the excess of project cost or the expected time, increasing the prices of
material and labor, accidents, changes, engineering errors or omissions, bad quality, delay in
reaching the facilities to the site, etc.) may effect negatively on the project and the parties.
Therefore, these risks must be identified and assessed accurately to avoid or reduce the negative
effects for these risks. The concept of risk is used to assess and evaluate uncertainties associated
with an event or a process. A construction process includes many uncertainties, therefore, the
construction project’s parties are

A complete numerical solution of thermal compressible elastohydrodynamic lubrication of rolling /
sliding contact was achieved to determine the effect of inlet boundary condition on the film shape,
film pressure, and film temperature in an elastohydrodynamic line contact problem.
The direct iterative technique is used to solve the simultaneous system of Reynolds, ,elasticity , and
energy equations for different locations of inlet oil fed . The effect of various load, speed , and slip
conditions have been investigated . the results indicate that the effects of starvation are an increase
of oil film temperature and decrease in oil film thickness so that the temperature effect are
significant and can not be neglected.

The thermal behavior of an octagonal shell orbiting body in space environments had been simulated theoretically in the present work, and a simplified experimental test in a thermal vacuum chamber was also made on half-scale model of the prototype to investigate the problem. A mathematical model was built and simulated numerically by using lumped system technique and finite difference control volsme approach with explicit scheme. The body in its orbit around the earth is assumed to receive solar, albedo and earth radiation heat fluxes. The orbit is circular of (500-Km) height and (40) inclination. The developed computational algorithm is capable of calculating the heat fluxes on body faces and the temperature distribution of the body at a

One of the major advantages of digital photogrammetry is the potential to automate production processes efficiently, thus substantially improving the price performance ratio for photogramnetric products. Image processing and computer vision techniques have successfully been employed for facilitating automated procedures in digital aerial images such as interior orientation, relative orientation, point transfer in photogrammetric block triangulation, and the generation of DTMS. In this paper, the researcher presents her investigations on a digital serial triangulation of a block consists of two strips of eight acrial photographs. Digitul imae data scanned with a resolution of 400 dpi, this gives pixel size of 63.5 um (corresponding to 0.1

The sealing effects of squeeze air film were analyzed experimentally and theoretically The air flow rate and the sealed pressure were measured in a squeeze face seal. The air flow rate can be expressed as the difference between the flow rate by the pumping and the flow rate by the leakage. The air flow rate by the pumping increases proportionally to the square of the vibration amplitude of the surface, as does the sealed pressure. The air flow rate by the leakage increases proportionally to the pressure difference between the vessel pressure and the ambient pressure. The experimental results showed good agreement with the theoretical results.

Most of the structures subjected to load tests had successfully passed it, although some of them had failed in cube and core tests. It is believed that membrane action may be the most important factor that made them do so. In the present study, an attempt is made to study the effect of membrane action on load test results. In this study, two space (3-D) model frames, nine panels (3×3), [consisted of rafts, columns, beams and slabs] were prepared for load test. The results show the positive role of the membrane action especially with camber beams and slabs in successful passing of the load test. Also there is enhancement in the deflection behavior of camber members compared with straight members.

Experience with Bishop's method, using the shear strength parameters c and obtained fron triaxial compression tests seems to indicate that the values of the safety factor obtained in this way are relatively large. This is sometimes compensated by using shear strength parameters obtained from direct shear tests, simple shear tests, or classical cell tests, which usually lead to smaller values of c and . A solution for the difficulty mentioned above may be the notion that the simple Coulomb formula does not take into account that failure may occur on a plane perpendicular to the global slip surface, with an additional rotation to result in global slip parallel to the slip surface, i.e. double sliding failure model.The essential step in dev

The degradation performance of aqueous solution of pesticide Alachlor has been studied at solar pilot scale plant in two photocatalytic systems: homogeneous photocatalysis by photo-Fenton and heterogeneous photocatalysis with titanium dioxide. The pilot scale system included of compound parabolic collectors specially designed for solar photocatalytic applications, and installed at University of Baghdad, Department of Environmental Engineering back yard. The influence of different concentrations, H₂O₂ (200-2400 mg/l), Fe⁺²(5- 30 mg/l) and TiO2 (100-500 mg/l) and their relationship with the degradation efficiency were studied.

      The COD removal efficienc

Poly urea formaldehyde –Bentonite (PUF-Bentonite) composite was tested as new adsorbent
for removal of mefenamic acid (MA) from simulated wastewater in batch adsorption
procedure. Developed a method for preparing poly urea formaldehyde gel in basic media by
using condensation polymerization. Adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of
water pH, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial MA concentration .Effect of
sharing surface with other analgesic pharmaceuticals at different pH also studied. The
adsorption of MA was found to be strongly dependent to pH. The Freundlich isotherm model
showed a good fit to the equilibrium adsorption data. From Dubinin–Radushkevich model the
mean free

It is commonly known that Euler-Bernoulli’s thin beam theorem is not applicable whenever a nonlinear distribution of strain/stress occurs, such as in deep beams, or the stress distribution is discontinuous. In order to design the members experiencing such distorted stress regions, the Strut-and-Tie Model (STM) could be utilized. In this paper, experimental investigation of STM technique for three identical small-scale deep beams was conducted. The beams were simply supported and loaded statically with a concentrated load at the mid span of the beams. These deep beams had two symmetrical openings near the application point of loading. Both the deep beam, where the stress distribution cannot be assumed linear, and the ex

A general velocity profile for a laminar flow over a flat plate with zero incidence is obtained by employing a new boundary condition to the other available boundary conditions. The general velocity profile is mathematically simple and nearest to the exact solution. Also other related values, boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness, momentum thickness and coefficient of friction are nearest to the exact solution compared with other corresponding values for other researchers.

A tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding is one of the most popular kinds of welding used to join metals mainly for aluminum alloys.  However, many challenges may be met with this kind of joining process; these challenges arise from decay of mechanical properties of welded materials. In the present study, an attempt was made to enhancing the mechanical properties of TIG weld joint of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy by hardening the surfaces using shoot peening technique. To optimize the shoot peening process three times of exposure (5, 10, and 15) min. was used. All peened and unpeened, and welded and unwelded samples were  characterized by metallographic test to indicate the phase transformation and modification in microstructure occurring d

In this paper, precision agriculture system is introduced based on Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Soil moisture considered one of environment factors that effect on crop. The period of irrigation must be monitored. Neural network capable of learning the behavior of the agricultural soil in absence of mathematical model. This paper introduced modified type of neural network that is known as Spiking Neural Network (SNN). In this work, the precision agriculture system  is modeled, contains two SNNs which have been identified off-line based on logged data, one of these SNNs represents the monitor that located at sink where the period of irrigation is calculated and the other represents the soil. In addition, to reduce p

The removal of turbidity from produced water by chemical coagulation/flocculation method using locally available coagulants was investigated. Aluminum sulfate (alum) is selected as a primary coagulant, while calcium hydroxide (lime) is used as a coagulant aid. The performance of these coagulants was studied through jar test by comparing turbidity removal at different coagulant/ coagulants aid ratio, coagulant dose, water pH, and sedimentation time. In addition, an attempt has been made to examine the relationship between turbidity (NTU) and total suspended solids (mg/L) on the same samples of produced water. The best conditions for turbidity removal can be obtained at 75% alum+25% lime coagulant at coagulant dose of 80 m

Dr. Qahtan Al-Madfa’i’s architecture has been characterized by a particular characteristic that may be unique and extreme at the same time, that is the use of the distinctive three-dimensional structural coverings and the exploitation of structural construction to give an extra aesthetic touch to the composition of the building, to achieve the application of his universal ideas, which he strongly believed and defended.

      In the period of the marked urban decline that the country undergoes now, which urges us toward making a comparison between the beginning of the modern Iraqi architecture and its ascending path up to its peak and the periods of its decline until it reached a very

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A series of heterogeneous basic catalysts of CaO, MgO and CaMgO₂ at different calcination temperature were synthesized via solution combustion method. Different characterization techniques have been carried out to investigate the structure of the produced catalysts i.e. X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer, morphology by atomic force microscope (AFM) and reflection using UV-VIS diffuse reflectance spectra. The particles size analyzer revealed that the mixed oxide catalysts calcined at different calcination temperature possess smaller nano size particles compared to pure CaO. Moreover, the energy band gap was calculated based on the results of diffuse reflectance spectra. The energy band gap was redu

In this study, the induced splined shaft teeth contact and bending stresses have been investigated numerically using finite element method(Ansys package version 11.0) with changing the most effecting design parameter,(pressure angle, teeth number, fillet radius and normal module), for internal and external splined shaft. Experimental work has been achieved using two dimensional photoelastic techniques to get the contact and bending stresses; the used material is Bakelite sheet type “PSM-4”.
The results of numerical stress analysis indicate that, the increasing of the pressure angle and fillet radius decrease the bending stress and increase the contact stress for both internal and external spline shaft teeth while the increasing of