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Background: This in vitro study compares a novel calcium-phosphate etchant paste to conventional 37% phosphoric
acid gel for bonding metal and ceramic brackets by evaluating the shear bond strength, remnant adhesive and
enamel damage following water storage, acid challenge and fatigue loading.
Material and Methods: Metal and ceramic brackets were bonded to 240 extracted human premolars using two enamel
conditioning protocols: conventional 37% phosphoric acid (PA) gel (control), and an acidic calcium-phosphate
(CaP) paste. The CaP paste was prepared from β-tricalcium phosphate and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate
powders mixed with 37% phosphoric acid solution, and the resulting phase was confirmed using FTIR. The bonded
premolars were exp
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