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Use ofBang marking in the management of the cost of food and beverages in the hotel: sector (Case study in a sample of hotels in Baghdad governorate)
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The competition in the hotel sector, globalization and the development of new information have forced the sector to continuously seek new techniques and arrangements to remain competitive through hotel industry companies, including Benchmarking and the application of this method in the hotel sector. The selection of the Rashid International Hotel by the Ministry of Tourism as a leading hotel or benchmark for comparison of other hotels in Iraq, and the selection of two hotels in Baghdad for comparison, namely (Ishtar International Hotel, Baghdad International Hotel) and the choice also by the Ministry of Tourism, N is to correct the course of practice to manage the cost and diagnosis of the weakness of the strengths and weaknesses in the management of the cost of food and drinks for these hotels, and development in accordance with the nature of the organizations and the nature of the accounting system used, and through the research was concluded to the weakness in cost management at the Baghdad International Hotel, As well as highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the Ishtar Sherton Hotel. Through this comparison, hotels have been able to discover their strengths and weaknesses in managing the cost of food and beverages from leading hotels in this area, and analysis and diagnosis and conducts the best practices in its operations.

With an effective role of benchmarking in the evaluation and development of hotel performance through the development of standards for cost management through comparison

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Publication Date
Sun Mar 03 2013
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Couniform Modules
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In this paper, we introduce and study a new concept named couniform modules, which is a dual notion of uniform modules, where an R-module M is said to be couniform if every proper submodule N of M is either zero or there exists a proper submodule N1 of N such that is small submodule of Also many relationships are given between this class of modules and other related classes of modules. Finally, we consider the hereditary property between R-module M and R-module R in case M is couniform.

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Publication Date
Mon Jan 01 2024
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Synthesis AgO Nanoparticles by Nd:Yag Laser with Different Pulse Energies
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     One technique used to prepare nanoparticles material is Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid (PLAL), Silver Oxide nanoparticles (AgO) were prepared by using  this technique, where silver target was submerged in ultra-pure water (UPW)  at room temperature after that Nd:Yag laser which characteristics by 1064 nm wavelength, Q-switched, and 6ns pulse duration was used to irradiated silver target. This preparation method was used to study the effects of laser irradiation on Nanoparticles synthesized by used varying laser pulse energy 1000 mJ, 500 mJ, and 100 mJ, with 500 pulses each time on the particle size. Nanoparticles are characterized using XRD, SEM, AFM, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. All the structural peaks determined by the XRD

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