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المنافسة والمنافسة غير المشروعة
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تلازم المنافسة النشاط الاقتصادي حتى يمكن وصفها بأنها أحد الشروط الملازمة للأطراف، وتعد أمرا طبيعيا، لا بل ومبدأ أساسيا في هذا النشاط، وأصبح من المؤكد أن جدية التجارة وحرية المنافسة عنصران متصلان، حتى قيل أن الضرر الناشئ منها يعد ضرراً مشروعاً حالة المنافسة التجارية من الحالات التي يجيز فيها القانون الحاق الضرر بالغير، طالما كانت التجارة مشروعة والمنافسة شريفة تقوم على ابداع وموهبة التاجر والتزامه بأصول التعامل التجاري. ولهذا يلاحظ أن أغلب الفقهاء يستخدمون مصطلح المنافسة غير المشروعة (concurrence) أو مرادفاتها مثل منافسة محظورة Concurrence interdiz أو منافسة غير قانونية concurrence illegition أو متعسفة abusive concurrence.

      وهذه المصطلحات تطلق بغية وصف أعمال أو تصرفات غير مشروعة أو تحديد هذه الأفعال أو بيان محتواها أو أصلها، كونها تخالف القانون والأعراف والعادات التجارية، أو تؤدي إلى نتيجة ضارة بحيث كل فعل يشكل خطا وليس بالضرورة أن يكون هذا الفعل غش، أن وجود المنافسة كفعل ايجابي أي قيام بعمل يصدر من التاجر لجذب زبائن إلى متجره، كيفما يراه مناسبا دون استعمال وسائل غير مشروعة معتمدا على مواهبه وابداعه.

      هذه الحرية في المنافسة بدون ضوابط قد تؤدي إلى نتيجة لا يحمد عقباها، الأمر الذي يوجب بيان الحدود الفاصلة بين المنافسة المشروعة وغير المشروعة، واحترام العقود المقيدة للمنافسة بين المشروعات المتعاقدة (المنافسة الممنوعة)، وظهرت قوانين الملكية الصناعية التي تحمي القيم المنافسة.

كما أن النظام الاقتصادي الدولي يوجب إلا تكون المنافسة مطلقة، إنما يقتضي وجود نظام قانوني يرتب قيودا على حرية المنافسة حماية لها، وذلك باتخاذ وسائل تشريعية تؤدي إلى التوازن بين المشروعات المتنافسة سواء أكانت عن طريق الاتفاقيات الدولية أم التشريعات الوطنية بهدف تحقيق أمرين:

الأول: حماية المصلحة العامة، وتدخل ضمن أطار القانون العام ووسائله، ومن مظاهره قانون المنافسة المشروعة.

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Publication Date
Mon Jan 02 2012
Journal Name
Journal Of The Faculty Of Medicine Baghdad
Comparative study between ultrasound findings and intra-operative findings in non-traumatic Abdominal Pain:
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Background: acute abdominal pain is one of the most common presentations in surgical wards. Ultrasound has been grown in popularity as an easy, quick and non-invasive imaging the abdomen. US is very useful means of non-invasively, modality for assessment of acute abdominal pain.
Objective: Study of the most common acute none traumatic abdominal diseases in adult patients admitted to Baghdad Teaching Hospital in department of surgery .Correlate the operative findings with sonographic features as to make the initial diagnosis of the diseases included in this study. Compare the diagnostic yield of abdominal ultrasound with that of computed tomography (CT).
Methods :The present study included eighty nine consec

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Publication Date
Fri Dec 01 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Comparing the Sequential Nonlinear least squared Method and Sequential robust M method to estimate the parameters of Two Dimensional sinusoidal signal model:
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Estimation of the unknown parameters in 2-D sinusoidal signal model can be considered as important and difficult problem. Due to the difficulty to find estimate of all the parameters of this type of models at the same time, we propose sequential non-liner least squares method and sequential robust  M method after their development through the use of sequential  approach in the estimate suggested by Prasad et al to estimate unknown frequencies and amplitudes for the 2-D sinusoidal compounds but depending on Downhill Simplex Algorithm in solving non-linear equations for the purpose of obtaining non-linear parameters estimation which represents frequencies and then use of least squares formula to estimate

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Publication Date
Sun Mar 01 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The effect of economic factors on the appearance of unequal costs and rationalization of operational decision: An applied research in Wasit State Company for Textile Industries
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There is a set of economic factors that affect the rationalization of decisions on unexploited resources within the economic unit and here determines the problem of the search for the question of what economic factors cause the emergence of asymmetric costs, and aims to identify these factors in the costs of adjustment to resources, change in The size of the activity of the economic unit, the general trend of sales change in the previous period, and the economic level of the country. Rh measure the impact of these factors on economic unity, and taking into consideration the impact when formulating decisions.

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Publication Date
Tue Jun 20 2023
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Numerical Solutions for the Nonlinear PDEs of Fractional Order by Using a New Double Integral Transform with Variational Iteration Method
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This paper considers a new Double Integral transform called Double Sumudu-Elzaki transform DSET. The combining of the DSET with a semi-analytical method, namely the variational iteration method DSETVIM, to arrive numerical solution of nonlinear PDEs of Fractional Order derivatives. The proposed dual method property decreases the number of calculations required, so combining these two methods leads to calculating the solution's speed. The suggested technique is tested on four problems. The results demonstrated that solving these types of equations using the DSETVIM was more advantageous and efficient

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Publication Date
Tue Jun 01 2010
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
دور التمويل الذاتي في إعادة اعمار الوحدات الحكومية غير الهادفة للربح "دراسة تطبيقية في كلية الإدارة والاقتصاد/ جامعة بغداد"
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The Iraqi non profit governmental units are facing great financing challenges in providing the money required for reconstructing the damages occurred after 9th of April 2003.

Related to that, This research, which is contained of studying the self – financing experiment in non profit governmental units which is considered one of the financing alternatives that contribute in providing the required money to meet the shortage of central finance; and creating the economic exploitation for the resources and possibilities achieved by the non profit governmental units themselves for the purpose of employ them in reconstruction and to reduce the burden on the public budget which is responsible of fin

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Publication Date
Fri Oct 30 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Accounting measurement of intangible assets (websites) within the framework of international financial reporting standards An applied study between a sample of Iraqi commercial banks)
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The websites over time have become one of the important tools for communication between individuals among themselves and between individuals and economic units, and they have emerged as one of the important intangible assets to achieve income, as they have become a competitive tool and a marketing outlet for these units and a main means of communication that it uses to exercise its various major activities and achieve potential economic benefits. Therefore, there was a need to measure and display the value of these sites in the financial statements as intangible assets.  Accordingly, the purpose of the research was to determine the costs of the websites owned by the economic unit by way purchase and sites that were created i

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Crossref (1)
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Publication Date
Mon Jun 01 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Languages (jcl)
Analysis of the Inconsistent Structural-Semantic Aspects in the Plays of A.N. Ostrovsky: Несогласованные Определения В Пьесах А.Н. Островского: Структурно-Семантический Аспект
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     The study aims at analyzing the inconsistent structural and semantic aspects found in the plays of N.A Ostrovsky. The analysis, that includes all the linguistics schools of thoughts in modern Russian language, is performed chronologically to clarify all the ambiguities that the Russian language learners may face. Such difficulties lie in the use of inconsistent aspects with complete declarative sentences and adverbial clauses. Hence, it constructs a new sentence category that consists of secondary clause and its syncretism semantic.

     The study illustrates the wide scope of both studying the sentence inconsistent

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Publication Date
Sat Oct 28 2023
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Oxide Impregnated on Silica from Duck Egg Shells and Rice Husks as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis
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Biodiesel can be prepared from various types of vegetable oils or animal fats with the aid of a catalyst.
Calcium oxide (CaO) is one of the prospective heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel synthesis. Modification
of CaO by impregnation on silica (SiO2) can improve the performance of CaO as catalyst. Egg shells and rice
husks as biomass waste can be used as raw materials for the preparation of the silica modified CaO catalyst.
The present study was directed to synthesize and characterize CaO impregnated SiO2 catalyst from biomass
waste and apply it as catalyst in biodiesel synthesis. The catalyst was synthesized by wet impregnation
method and characterized by x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence, nitr

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Publication Date
Sun Jun 27 2021
Journal Name
Iraqi National Journal Of Nursing Specialties
Assessment of Mothers’ Knowledge about Their Children with Sickle Cell Anemia and Non-Pharmacological Approaches to Pain Management in Basra Center for Hereditary Blood Diseases
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Objective(s): To assess mothers’ knowledge about their children with sickle cell anemia and non-Pharmacological approaches to pain management and found some relationship between mothers knowledge and their demographic data of age, level of education, and occupation.
Methodology: A descriptive design used in the present study established was for a period from September 19th, 2020 to March 30th, 2021. The study was conducted on a non-probability (purposive) sample of (30) mother their children with sickle cell anemia was chosen. The data were analyzed through the application of descriptive and inferential statistical approaches which are applied by using SPSS version 22.0.
Results: The findings of the study indicated that moderate

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Publication Date
Mon Jun 01 2015
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Impact of non-current assets impairment reporting on certain financial indicators application on Al-Mansour Pharmaceuticals- a private corporation
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   This research deals with the financial reporting for non-current assets impairment from the viewpoint of international accounting standards, particularly IAS 36 "Impairment of non-current assets." The research problems focus on the presence of internal and external indicators on impairment of non-current assets in many of companies listed in Iraqi stock exchange. So it is required to apply IAS 36 to reporting for the impairment loss of assets since this impairment impact certain financial indicators. These indicators help users in their decision-making and forecasting future financial situation and the ability of the company to achieve future profits or maintain current profits. The research aims to shedding lig

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