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المنافسة والمنافسة غير المشروعة
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تلازم المنافسة النشاط الاقتصادي حتى يمكن وصفها بأنها أحد الشروط الملازمة للأطراف، وتعد أمرا طبيعيا، لا بل ومبدأ أساسيا في هذا النشاط، وأصبح من المؤكد أن جدية التجارة وحرية المنافسة عنصران متصلان، حتى قيل أن الضرر الناشئ منها يعد ضرراً مشروعاً حالة المنافسة التجارية من الحالات التي يجيز فيها القانون الحاق الضرر بالغير، طالما كانت التجارة مشروعة والمنافسة شريفة تقوم على ابداع وموهبة التاجر والتزامه بأصول التعامل التجاري. ولهذا يلاحظ أن أغلب الفقهاء يستخدمون مصطلح المنافسة غير المشروعة (concurrence) أو مرادفاتها مثل منافسة محظورة Concurrence interdiz أو منافسة غير قانونية concurrence illegition أو متعسفة abusive concurrence.

      وهذه المصطلحات تطلق بغية وصف أعمال أو تصرفات غير مشروعة أو تحديد هذه الأفعال أو بيان محتواها أو أصلها، كونها تخالف القانون والأعراف والعادات التجارية، أو تؤدي إلى نتيجة ضارة بحيث كل فعل يشكل خطا وليس بالضرورة أن يكون هذا الفعل غش، أن وجود المنافسة كفعل ايجابي أي قيام بعمل يصدر من التاجر لجذب زبائن إلى متجره، كيفما يراه مناسبا دون استعمال وسائل غير مشروعة معتمدا على مواهبه وابداعه.

      هذه الحرية في المنافسة بدون ضوابط قد تؤدي إلى نتيجة لا يحمد عقباها، الأمر الذي يوجب بيان الحدود الفاصلة بين المنافسة المشروعة وغير المشروعة، واحترام العقود المقيدة للمنافسة بين المشروعات المتعاقدة (المنافسة الممنوعة)، وظهرت قوانين الملكية الصناعية التي تحمي القيم المنافسة.

كما أن النظام الاقتصادي الدولي يوجب إلا تكون المنافسة مطلقة، إنما يقتضي وجود نظام قانوني يرتب قيودا على حرية المنافسة حماية لها، وذلك باتخاذ وسائل تشريعية تؤدي إلى التوازن بين المشروعات المتنافسة سواء أكانت عن طريق الاتفاقيات الدولية أم التشريعات الوطنية بهدف تحقيق أمرين:

الأول: حماية المصلحة العامة، وتدخل ضمن أطار القانون العام ووسائله، ومن مظاهره قانون المنافسة المشروعة.

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 15 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
Future Visions and its Relationship with Illegal Immigration among Next to Graduation Students
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The current study was concerned to address these gaps in literature by identifying: first level and type of future visions among the next graduation student, second level and type of future visions among the sample according to gender (Male- Female), third level of the illegal immigration among the sample, fourth level of the illegal immigration according to gender (Male, Female), and finally the relationship between future visions and illegal immigration. To achieve the aims of the current study, the researchers created a questionnaire for the future visions. The psychometric properties (e.g. face validity, structure validity, and reliability) were tested. Base on the current sample, results showed that the questionnaire had sound psych

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Publication Date
Tue Sep 08 2020
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Modified BFGS Update (H-Version) Based on the Determinant Property of Inverse of Hessian Matrix for Unconstrained Optimization
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The study presents the modification of the Broyden-Flecher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) update (H-Version) based on the determinant property of inverse of Hessian matrix (second derivative of the objective function), via updating of the vector s ( the difference between the next solution and the current solution), such that the determinant of the next inverse of Hessian matrix is equal to the determinant of the current inverse of Hessian matrix at every iteration. Moreover, the sequence of inverse of Hessian matrix generated by the method would never  approach a near-singular matrix, such that the program would never break before the minimum value of the objective function is obtained. Moreover, the new modification of BFGS update (H-vers

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Publication Date
Sun Apr 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The importance of foreign direct investment in stimulating non-oil exports Of Iraq According to the Turkish experience
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Foreign trade is very important in global economies because of its impact on the sustainability of economic growth by stimulating economic activity, creating jobs and expanding production . On the other side , this policy is a major obstacle to many developing countries and the reason is due to the nature of the economies of those countries because they rely mostly on one or a few economic resources, which makes them rely mostly on exports to that resource while they import most of the needs of their  local market Which makes them in a spiral of underdevelopment ,  dependence and economic exposure, which requires them to break that cycle and the launch of economic development Perhaps one of the most important means to a

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Evaluation of internal control System in non-governmental organizations: Applied Research in the Iraqi National Olympic Committee
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After 2003 Iraq witnessed a rapid development in the number and kind of non-governmental organizations in addition to the increase in their sources.A lot of obstacles and constraints hinder the development of the said organizations and one of the most important and prominent obstacles is their administrative and accounting structure that affect directly on the existence, continuity and survival of these organizations.This research discussed the concept the non-governmental organizations and reaching the assessment of internal control System in these organizations. Therefore, the researcher has assessed the internal control System applied National Olympic Committee of Iraq. The study showed vulnerabilities in the internal control the said

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Publication Date
Sun Mar 01 2020
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Indirect Spectrofluorometric Method for the Determination of Cefotaxime Sodium, Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride and Famotidine in Pharmaceuticals Using Bromate-Bromide and Acriflavine Dye
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An Indirect simple sensitive and applicable spectrofluorometric method has been developed for the determination of Cefotaxime Sodium (CEF), ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride (CIP) and Famotidine (FAM) using reaction system bromate-bromide and acriflavine (AF) as fluorescent dye. The method is based on the oxidation of drugs with known excess bromate-bromide mixture in acidic medium and subsequent determination of unreacted oxidant by quenching fluorescence of AF. Fluorescence intensity of residual AF was measured at 528 nm after excitation at 402 nm. The fluorescence-concentration plots were rectilinear over the ranges 0.1-3.0, 0.05-2.6 and 0.1-3.8 µg ml-1 with lower detection limits of 0.013, 0.018 and 0.021 µg ml-1 an

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Publication Date
Mon Dec 20 2021
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Noncovalently D-arabinitol Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) to Identify Different Sugar Alcohols
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Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are an effective method for separating enantiomeric compounds. The main objective of this research is to synthesize D-arabinitol MIPs, which can selectively separate D-arabinitol and its potential application to differentiate it from its enantiomer compound through a non-covalent approach. A macroporous polymer was synthesized using D-arabinitol as a template, acrylamide as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) being a cross-linker, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) being a porogen, as well as benzoyl peroxide being an initiator. After polymer synthesis, D-arabinitol was removed by a mixture of methanol and acetic acid (4:1, v/v). Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scan

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Publication Date
Sun Jan 03 2016
Journal Name
Journal Of The Faculty Of Medicine Baghdad
Study the Effect of Cardamom Extracts on Lactobacilli in Comparison to Chlorohexidine gluconate and De-ionized water (in vitro study)
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Background: Various herbal extracts are known to provide therapeutic benefits in the oral cavity when used topically. One of these herbs is cardamom which is a dried fruit of the tall permanent herbaceous plant, have its place in the family Zingiberaceae.
Objectives: Test the effect of green and black cardamom extracts on Lactobacilli in comparison to chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% and de-ionized water.
Materials and methods: Dried fruits of green and black cardamom were extracted by using alcohol 70% ethanol. Saliva was collected from seven volunteers. Agar well technique with different concentrations of green and black cardamom extracts was used to test the sensitivities of Lactobacilli, as well the effects

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Publication Date
Thu Apr 30 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Comparison Branch and Bound Algorithm with Penalty Function Method for solving Non-linear Bi-level programming with application
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The problem of Bi-level programming is to reduce or maximize the function of the target by having another target function within the constraints. This problem has received a great deal of attention in the programming community due to the proliferation of applications and the use of evolutionary algorithms in addressing this kind of problem. Two non-linear bi-level programming methods are used in this paper. The goal is to achieve the optimal solution through the simulation method using the Monte Carlo method using different small and large sample sizes. The research reached the Branch Bound algorithm was preferred in solving the problem of non-linear two-level programming this is because the results were better.

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 01 2023
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Odd Fibonacci edge irregular labeling for some trees obtained from subdivision and vertex identification operations
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Let G be a graph with p vertices and q edges and  be an injective function, where k is a positive integer. If the induced edge labeling   defined by for each is a bijection, then the labeling f is called an odd Fibonacci edge irregular labeling of G. A graph which admits an odd Fibonacci edge irregular labeling is called an odd Fibonacci edge irregular graph. The odd Fibonacci edge irregularity strength ofes(G) is the minimum k for which G admits an odd Fibonacci edge irregular labeling. In this paper, the odd Fibonacci edge irregularity strength for some subdivision graphs and graphs obtained from vertex identification is determined.

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Publication Date
Thu Aug 01 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Analyzing current and future direction of non-oil primary balance: Case Study of Iraq Using Exponential Smoothing model
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In recent years, non-oil primary balance indicator has been given considerable financial important in rentier state. It highly depends on this indicator to afford a clear and proper picture of public finance situation in term of appropriate and sustainability in these countries, due to it excludes the effect of oil- rental from compound of financial accounts which provide sufficient information to economic policy makers of how economy is able to create potential added value and then changes by eliminating one sided shades of economy. In Iraq, since, 2004, the deficit in value of this indicator has increased, due to almost complete dependence on the revenues of the oil to finance the budget and the obvious decline of the non-oil s

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