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المسؤولية المدنية للعامل وإمكانية التخفيف منها
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متى يكون العامل مسؤولاً تجاه صاحب العمل عن الضرر المادي الذي يولده له او للغير، والناتج عن خطأ ارتكبه، هل هناك قواعد خاصة تنظم هذه المسؤولية أم تطبق عقد العامة في المسؤولية؟

يخضع عقد العمل الى نظام قانوني اساسي، ومتناقض مع العقود المدنية الاخرى وحتى القريبة منه والتي تخضع الى احكام القانون المدني، كعقد المقاولة وعقد الوكالة، أو التي تخضع الى احكام القانون التجاري، كعقد الشركة، رغم ان هذه العقود تتفق مع عقد العمل من حيث ان موضوعها هو القيام بعمل.

أو اساس هذا التنظيم القانوني الاساسي المتناقض لعقد العمل مع العقود الاخرى هو معيار التبعية القانونية، الذي من شأنه ان يضع العامل تحت سلطة واشراف ورقابة صاحب العمل عند تنفيذه للعمل.

إذا كانت التبعية القانونية هي اساس التمييز بين عقد العمل والعقود المشابهة الأخرى، يعني امكانية وجود قواعد خاصة لعقد العمل، قد تختلف عن القواعد القانونية المنظمة لأحكام المسؤولية المدنية في العقود الاخرى.

المشرع العراقي، سواء على مستوى القانون المدني، او على مستوى قانون العمل، أكد على تطبيق القواعد العامة للمسؤولية المدنية على المسؤولية المدنية للعامل تجاه صاحب العمل او تجاه الغير.

ويبدو، انه لهذا السبب تجنب شراح قانون العمل العراقي البحث في مسؤولية العامل المدنية تجاه صاحب العمل او اتجاه الغير. اذ نظر هؤلاء الى عقد العمل كونه عقد رضائي، ملزم للجانبين، وهو التزام باداء عمل، والتزام ببذل عناية، وهو من العقود المستمرة واخيرا فهو من العقود المسماة التي نضمها القانون المدني في المواد من 900 الى ٩٢٥.

نعتقد، ان ما يتمتع به عقد العمل من خاصية (التبعية القانونية) تميزه عن العقود المشابهة، ولكون عقد العمل ينظم علاقات بين طرفين غير متكافئين من الناحية الاقتصادية، ولما يتصف به عقد العمل من خاصية اجتماعية، لكل هذه الاسباب، يمكن دراسة هذا الموضوع ومحاولة ايجاد قواعد قانونية خاصة بعقد العمل تحكم المسؤولية تجاه صاحب العمل والغير. ولتحقيق ذلك فاننا سنقسم هذا الموضوع الى مبحثين:

المبحث الأول: تحديد الطبيعة القانونية للمسؤولية المدنية للعامل.

المبحث الثاني: حماية العامل ضد المسؤولية المدنية الناتجة عن العمل.

 

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