This research is devoted to study the strengthening technique for the existing reinforced concrete beams using external post-tensioning. An analytical methodology is proposed to predict the value of the effective prestress force for the external tendons required to close cracks in existing beams. The external prestressing force required to close cracks in existing members is only a part from the total strengthening force.
A computer program created by Oukaili (1997) and developed by Alhawwassi (2008) to evaluate curvature and deflection for reinforced concrete beams or internally prestressed concrete beams is modified to evaluate the deflection and the stress of the external tendons for the externally strengthened beams using Matlab

  In this paper, we introduce and study the concept of S-coprime submodules, where a proper submodule N of an R-module M is called S-coprime submodule if M N is S-coprime Rmodule. Many properties about this concept are investigated.

  Let L be a commutative ring with identity and let W be a unitary left L- module. A submodule D of an L- module W is called  s- closed submodule denoted by  D ≤sc W, if D has   no  proper s- essential extension in W, that is , whenever D ≤ W such that D ≤se H≤ W, then D = H. In  this  paper,  we study  modules which satisfies  the ascending chain  conditions (ACC) and descending chain conditions (DCC) on this kind of submodules.

Let R be a commutative ring with identity 1 and M be a unitary left R-module. A submodule N of an R-module M is said to be approximately pure submodule of an R-module, if for each ideal I of R. The main purpose of this paper is to study the properties of the following concepts: approximately pure essentialsubmodules, approximately pure closedsubmodules and relative approximately pure complement submodules. We prove that: when an R-module M is an approximately purely extending modules and N be Ap-puresubmodulein M, if M has the Ap-pure intersection property then N is Ap purely extending.

Data security is a significant requirement in our time. As a result of the rapid development of unsecured computer networks, the personal data should be protected from unauthorized persons and as a result of exposure AES algorithm is subjected to theoretical attacks such as linear attacks, differential attacks, and practical attacks such as brute force attack these types of attacks are mainly directed at the S-BOX and since the S-BOX table in the algorithm is static and no dynamic so this is a major weakness for the S-BOX table, the algorithm should be improved to be impervious to future dialects that attempt to analyse and break the algorithm  in order to remove these weakness points, Will be generated dynamic substitution box (S-B

The global food supply heavily depends on utilizing fertilizers to meet production goals. The adverse impacts of traditional fertilization practices on the environment have necessitated the exploration of new alternatives in the form of smart fertilizer technologies (SFTs). This review seeks to categorize SFTs, which are slow and controlled-release Fertilizers (SCRFs), nano fertilizers, and biological fertilizers, and describes their operational principles. It examines the environmental implications of conventional fertilizers and outlines the attributes of SFTs that effectively address these concerns. The findings demonstrate a pronounced environmental advantage of SFTs, including enhanced crop yields, minimized nutrient loss, improved nut

     Let R be a commutative ring with unity and an R-submodule N is called semimaximal if and only if

 the sufficient conditions of F-submodules to be semimaximal .Also the concepts of (simple , semisimple) F- submodules and quotient F- modules are  introduced and given some  properties .

  L-Phenylalanine amino acid was condensed with 2-hydroxybezaldehyde to give the Schiff base sodium 2-(2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-3-phenylpropanoate, which was used as a precursor [NaHL]. The precursor was reacted with 1,2-dichloroethane to give the Schiff base sodium 2,2'-(2,2'-(ethane-1,2diylbis(oxy))bis(2,1-phenylene))bis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)bis(azan1-yl-1-ylidene)bis(3-phenyl propanoate), which was used as a ligand [Na2L], in complexation with some metal (II) chloride MCl2, where [M= Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)], to give [M(L)] complexes. The [Na2L] ligand and All complexes were characterized by spectroscopic methods, [FTIR, UV-Vis, atomic absorption], melting point, chloride content, conductivity and magnetic susceptibi

A series of coordination compounds of Zr(IV), Cd(II) and Sn(II) ions with 4-(((3-mercapto-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-4-yl)imino)methyl)-2-methoxyphenol, as a ligand has been successfully prepared in alcoholic medium. The prepared complexes were characterized quantitatively and qualitatively by using: elemental analysis CHNS, FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, 1H and 13CNMR, atomic absorption measurements, magnetic susceptibility, thermal analysis)TG and DTG) and conductivity measurements. This ligand coordinates as a bidentate that to the metal ions through sulphur and nitrogen of (azomethine group) atoms. According to the spectral data, Cd(II)- and Sn(II)-complexes have coordination of 6 with octahedral geometry while the Zr(I