Studied the optical properties of the membranes CdS thin containing different ratios of ions cadmium to sulfur attended models manner spraying chemical gases on the rules of the glass temperature preparation (350c) were calculated energy gap allowed direct these membranes as observed decrease in the value of the energy gap at reducing the proportion ofsulfur ions as absorption coefficient was calculated

Linear and nonlinear optical properties of epoxy/ Al2O3 nanocomposites system were studied for epoxy neat and (0.5, 1.5, 3, and 5) % Al2O3 nanocomposites.The band gap of epoxy and its nanocomposites was obtained at these weight ratios. Nonlinear optical properties experiments were performed using Q-switched Nd:YAG laser z-scan system.These experiments were carried out for different parameters: wavelengths (1064 nm and 532 nm), laser intensities (0.530, 0.679, and 0.772) GW/cm2 and weight ratio of Al2O3 nanocomposites. The results showed that the band gaps were decreased with increasing the weight ratio of nanoalumina except at 5wt% and the nonlinear refractive index coefficient is directly proportional to the incident intensities while o

The present paper deals with prepared of ternary Se80-xTe20Gex system alloys and thin films. The XRD analysis improved that the amorphous structure of alloys and thin films for ternary Se80-xTe20Gex (at x=10and 20at.%Ge) which prepared by thermal evaporation techniques with thickness 250 nm. The optical energy gap measurements show that the optical energy gap decreases with increasing of (Ge) content from (1.7 to 1.47 eV)
It is found that the optical constants, such as refractive
index ,extinction coefficient, real and imaginary dielectric
constant are non systematic with increasing of Ge contents
and annealing temperatures

Bending effects on the transmission of optical signal are investigated on a single mode
optical fiber (SMOF) of 10 m length, core radius of 5 μm and optical refractive index difference
0.003. The bending radii (R) were between 0.08 and 0.0015 m. A great decrease in the amplitude is
shown for radii below 0.01 m. Sudden break down occurs for radii less than 0.0015 m. Birefringence
(B) is difficult to measure for long fibers. Meanwhile, B was found by comparing with calibrated
fiber of the same properties but of length of 0.075 m. The results show an increase in propagation
constant (Δβ) and the decrease in beat length (Lb), and show that bending decreases the critical radius
of curvature (Rc) related to B. The chang

   In this study,  depleted uranium concentrations were calculated  in  sediments  Diyala River samples , where 14 samples of sediment along the Diyala River were collected , starting from the Rustumiya area and ending with the Tuwaitha area after its confluence with the River Tigris , using the solid - state nuclear track detectors technique (SSNTDs).        We found that the highest concentration of depleted uranium was in the sample (A-13), and was taken from the Tuwaitha area with the specific activity of the amount (78.1 ± 8.5 Bq/kg ) and the lowest concentration of the depleted uranium was in the sample  (A-7), and was taken from the Azwaip area with  the

       The use of heavy ions in the treatment of cancer tumors allows for accurate radiation of the tumor with minimal collateral damage that may affect the healthy tissue surrounding the infected tissue. For this purpose, the stopping power and the range to which these particles achieved of  Nitrogen (N) in the skin tissue  were calculated by programs SRIM (The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter),(SRIM Dictionary) [1],(CaSP)(Convolution  approximation for Swift Particles )[2]which are famous programs to calculate stopping power of material and Bethe formula , in the energy range (1 - 1000) MeV .Then  the semi - empirical formulas to calculate the stopping power and range of Nitrogen io

After Zadeh introduced the concept of z-number scientists in various fields have shown keen interest in applying this concept in various applications. In applications of z-numbers, to compare two z-numbers, a ranking procedure is essential.  While a few ranking functions have been already proposed in the literature there is a need to evolve some more good ranking functions.  In this paper, a novel ranking function for z-numbers is proposed- "the Momentum Ranking Function"(MRF). Also, game theoretic problems where the payoff matrix elements are z-numbers are considered and the application of the momentum ranking function in such problems is demonstrated.

This paper deals  with constructing mixed probability distribution  from exponential with scale parameter (β) and also Gamma distribution with (2,β), and the mixed proportions are (  .first of all, the probability density function (p.d.f) and also cumulative distribution function (c.d.f) and also the reliability function are obtained. The parameters of mixed distribution, ( ,β)  are estimated by three different methods, which are  maximum likelihood, and  Moments method,as well proposed method (Differential Least Square Method)(DLSM).The comparison is done using simulation procedure, and all the results are explained in tables.

      In this paper we study and design two feed forward neural networks. The first approach uses radial basis function network and second approach uses wavelet basis function network to approximate the mapping from the input to the output space. The trained networks are then used in an conjugate gradient algorithm to estimate the output. These neural networks are then applied to solve differential equation. Results of applying these algorithms to several examples are presented