ArcHydro is a model developed for building hydrologic information systems to synthesize geospatial and temporal water resources data that support hydrologic modeling and analysis. Raster-based digital elevation models (DEMs) play an important role in distributed hydrologic modeling supported by geographic information systems (GIS). Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data have been used to derive hydrological features, which serve as inputs to various models. Currently, elevation data are available from several major sources and at different spatial resolutions. Detailed delineation of drainage networks is the first step for many natural resource management studies. Compared with interpretation from aerial photographs or topographic maps, auto

This research was conducted to investigate the water quality of the lesser Zab
river, to evaluate the water suitability for agricultural usings and report the effect of
human activities on this water. Samples were collected along the river stream
starting from Dukan area till the convergence with Tigris River. All the tests were
conducted at the labs of Environmental sciences and Technology College /
University of Mosul and Erbil water project/Erbil city.
The results of using Piper diagram showed that the water is alkine, due to the effect of the origional rock's components of that area on the water quality. While the using of Stiff diagram elucidate that the water samples contain ions belong to the area of the lesser Z

The present study included the physico-chemical parameters of Lesser-Zab river and its effects on Tigris river. Monthly water samples were taken from the two rivers during January to October 1999.There were no signifcant difference in water temperatures. Both rivers were fresh to oligohalin, alkaline and very hard. Close values were determined in total suspended solids in both rivers with little increasing during rainfall period and high discharge. Water was well areated and over saturation was recorded in several occasions. Dissolved oxygen values of Tigris river were influenced by Lesser-Zab. Cations were more dominant than anions in both rivers. In Lesser-Zab, the anions were increased during spring season and declined in summer which t

To investigate and assess the effects of land use and land cover (LULC) on concentrations of heavy metals in the surface soils of Lesser Zab River Basin (LZRB), 25 surface soil samples were taken from different LULC classes. Heavy metals concentrations were measured and their enrichment factors were calculated. Most of the LZRB soil samples are moderately alkaline with pH>8 and characterized by low organic content. The average abundance of the major oxides follow the decreasing order of SiO2 % > CaO % > Al2O3 % > Fe2O3 %> MgO > K2O % > TiO2 % > Na2O % > SO3 % > P2O5 %. A correlation matrix revealed that clay and feldspar minerals, Fe and Mn oxides / hydroxides are the most important carrier phase for several

Mandali Basin is located between latitudes (33◦ 39 '00 "- 33◦ 54' 55") to the north and longitudes (45◦ 11 '00 "- 45◦ 40' 00") to the east, eastern Diyala province. The research study attributes hydrochemical properties groundwater upper part of the Mandali basin for 20 wells through the data from the analysis of the hydrological information bank of the General Directorate for drilling water wells 2007, hydrochemical study of the water tube wells for two seasons showed water surplus season (February) and season the water deficit (August) It's water colorless, odorless dominated by sulfate ion and sodium, and through hydrochemical formula and the type of water was found that most of the water area of study is the sodium sulfate ty

Benthic algae of Tigris river and one of its northern tributary the lower Zab were study at monthly intervals during Nov. 2001-Oct. 2002. Four sites were selected, a total of 115 species of algae were identified during this study, diatoms was the dominating group (86 species) followed by Chlorophyta (18 species), Cyanophyta (7species), Euglenophyta (2 species) and one species for each of Pyrrophyta and Chryzophyta. Pennate diatoms formed the major density within the identified algae and distributed among all stations especially the species Achnanthes minutissima, Navicula gracilis and Nitzschia palea, the diatoms bloomed in spring and autumn seasons. Bio-diversity and density of benthic algae in Tigris river was affected negatively by the e

Groundwater is considered as one of the most important sources of fresh-water, on which many regions around the world depend, especially in semi-arid and arid regions. Protecting and maintaining groundwater is a difficult process, but it is very important to maintain an important source of water. The current study aims to assess the susceptibility of groundwater to pollution using the DRASTIC model along with the GIS environments and its tool boxes. A vulnerability map was created by relying on data collected from 55 wells surveyed by the researchers as well as archived records from governmental institutions and some international organizations. The results indicate that the region falls into three vulnerability functional zones , namely

Water is necessary for sustainable development and healthy society.  Groundwater, often, is not sufficient and protected for direct human consumption. Due to increase in the density of population the requirement of water is increasing.  In this work, the assessment of groundwater quality was conducted in the south-west part of Basrah province. Spatial variations in the quality of groundwater in the study area have been analyzed utilizing GIS technique. The geochemical parameters of groundwater samples including pH, EC, TDS, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, HCO₃, SO₄, and NO₃ were assessed in this study. Information maps of the study area have been actually prepared to make use of the GIS spatial

Benthic   invertebrates'   diversity   and    some  physical    a:1d

chemical characteristics in Lower Zab tributary and Tigris River were studied.  Month l y samples  were col l ected  from  November  2001 to October 2002.

The rt:sLllts of the present study showed  the turbidity iu Tigris river

before the confluence to be higher (34.4 NTU) compared to the other stations.  Mean salinity was greater in Lower Zab tributary (0.33 %) compared to that in the river.  Lower Zab tJibutary and Tigris River were good in Oxygen content, and a high dissolved oxygen value was recorded (7.9 mg/L) in Lower Zab tributary.