A watermark is a pattern or image defined in a paper that seems as different shades of light/darkness when viewed by the transmitted light which used for improving the robustness and security. There are many ways to work Watermark, including the addition of an image or text to the original image, but in this paper was proposed another type of watermark is add curves, line or forms have been drawn by interpolation, which produces watermark difficult to falsify and manipulate it. Our work suggests new techniques of watermark images which is embedding Cubic-spline interpolation inside the image using Bit Plane Slicing. The Peak to Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean Square Error (MSE) value is calculated so that the quality of the original i

In this paper, cubic trigonometric spline is used to solve nonlinear Volterra integral equations of second kind. Examples are illustrated to show the presented method’s efficiency and convenience.

In this paper, the proposes secure system to improving security of ID card and passports is by generating cubic spline co-occurrence code (CCO code) for each ID card. The authentication part, begins passing ID card through the checkpoint then the checkpoint will check the information of card or passport by also extracting features in order to generate the cubic spline co-occurrence code (CCO code), finally comparison is made between extracted CCO code at the checkpoint and CCO code that has been printed on ID card or passport (type of fraud like change personal picture or fraud it’s information). Several tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed security system. Furthermore, the experiment results reveal that the

This paper describes a modified mathematical method that used for controlling and generating three dimensional surfaces based on different axes (X, Y, and Z) and free axis. The main aim of the proposed method is to allow the designer to change the shape of the surface to the desired one without changing the original data points which is presented in the earlier version of this paper under title "3D Surface Reconstruction of Mathematical Modelling Used for Controlling the Generation of Different Bi-cubic B-Spline in Matrix Form without Changing the Control Points". The proposed method has been done by changing the t and s, parameters value that are assigned secretly by the designer. Therefore, in case off the control points have been disc

Longitudinal data is becoming increasingly common, especially in the medical and economic fields, and various methods have been analyzed and developed to analyze this type of data.

In this research, the focus was on compiling and analyzing this data, as cluster analysis plays an important role in identifying and grouping co-expressed subfiles over time and employing them on the nonparametric smoothing cubic B-spline model, which is characterized by providing continuous first and second derivatives, resulting in a smoother curve with fewer abrupt changes in slope. It is also more flexible and can pick up on more complex patterns and fluctuations in the data.

The longitudinal balanced data profile was compiled into subgroup

In this paper, an efficient method for compressing color image is presented. It allows progressive transmission and zooming of the image without need to extra storage. The proposed method is going to be accomplished using cubic Bezier surface (CBI) representation on wide area of images in order to prune the image component that shows large scale variation. Then, the produced cubic Bezier surface is subtracted from the image signal to get the residue component. Then, bi-orthogonal wavelet transform is applied to decompose the residue component. Both scalar quantization and quad tree coding steps are applied on the produced wavelet sub bands. Finally, adaptive shift coding is applied to handle the remaining statistical redundancy and attain e

In this study, an efficient compression system is introduced, it is based on using wavelet transform and two types of 3Dimension (3D) surface representations (i.e., Cubic Bezier Interpolation (CBI)) and 1 st order polynomial approximation. Each one is applied on different scales of the image; CBI is applied on the wide area of the image in order to prune the image components that show large scale variation, while the 1 st order polynomial is applied on the small area of residue component (i.e., after subtracting the cubic Bezier from the image) in order to prune the local smoothing components and getting better compression gain. Then, the produced cubic Bezier surface is subtracted from the image signal to get the residue component. Then, t

Plane cubics curves may be classified up to isomorphism or projective equivalence. In this paper, the inequivalent elliptic cubic curves which are non-singular plane cubic curves have been classified projectively over the finite field of order nineteen, and determined if they are complete or incomplete as arcs of degree three. Also, the maximum size of a complete elliptic curve that can be constructed from each incomplete elliptic curve are given.

In this paper, a numerical approximation for a time fractional one-dimensional bioheat equation (transfer paradigm) of temperature distribution in tissues is introduced. It deals with the Caputo fractional derivative with order for time fractional derivative and new mixed nonpolynomial spline for second order of space derivative. We also analyzed the convergence and stability by employing Von Neumann method for the present scheme.